Chalcones are aromatic ketones that form the central core for a variety of important biological compounds. Previous research in Dr. Calderón-Urrea’s laboratory showed the efficacy of eight chalcones (1, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 25, and 30) to kill Caenorha . . .

Chalcones are aromatic ketones that form the central core for a variety of important biological compounds. Previous research in Dr. Calderón-Urrea’s laboratory showed the efficacy of eight chalcones (1, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 25, and 30) to kill Caenorha . . .

This environment could explain the rapid proliferation of the bacteria. It wi also considered probable that the destruction, per se, of bronchiolar epithelium by the virus did not contribute significantly to the synergism.

The genus Echlnorhlnus Blainville contains two species, the brambleshark E, brucus. first described by Bonnatere (1788), and the prickly shark E, cookel. first described by Pietschmann (1928), Due to the considered a variant of E. brucus (Fowler, 1941 . . .

In the present study, laboratory demonstrations of susceptibility to infection of potential intermediate hosts are considered to provide only circumstantial evidence that these experimental hosts may also be natural intermediate hosts for tapeworms. T . . .

Models of muscle contraction were proposed as early as the third century B.C. by an Alexandrian physician, Erasistratus, who believed contraction was evoked by the passage of air into the muscle from surrounding blood vessels. Other historical investi . . .

Cyclic changes in the size of female accessory glands are described. The gland enlarges during ovarian development and gradually becomes smaller after oviposition. The results after surgical removal of the gland indicated that its function is not pert . . .

The peptide hormone ghrelin has been shown to stimulate growth hormone (GH) release, appetite, and fat deposition in vertebrates. More recently, ghrelin has been shown to play a role in glucose metabolism in mammals. Ghrelin acts through the growth ho . . .

The purpose of the study was two-fold: first, to identify and describe the air-borne Moniliales encountered in the Fresno area; and second, to determine their relative abundance. Several methods of collecting culturing and identification are described . . .

Ever since the discovery of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as an effective herbicide during World War II, extensive research effort has been directed to all aspects of this synthesized subs tame that behaves in some respects similar to plant a . . .

This study is necessary because it represents perhaps the last opportunity to examine Grinnell’s findings. Specimens were trapped and their localities mapped (see map, Fig. 1): then statistical methods were applied to various measurements such as tail . . .

During July _ September 2009, ground ultra low volume (ULV) applications of various registered mosquito adulticide formulations were evaluated in a field assay against both wild populations and an insecticide-susceptible laboratory colony of Culex pip . . .

Eleven years ago, the California State Legislature authorized the construction of a peripheral drainage canal for the San Joaquin Valley. Observations suggest that drainage water, which ultimately will come from the entire valley, may have adverse eff . . .

Mammalian cells produce different types of cell protrusions (CPs)—like filopodia, lamellipodia, invadopdia, and tunneling nanotubes—that have been implicated in numerous important biological functions, such as cell migration, cell-cell communication, . . .

There is considerable evidence linking cumulative and sustained exposure to estrogens as a key promoter of breast tumor proliferation. Chemicals with estrogenic activity can bind to the estrogen receptor (ER) to affect downstream signaling of estrogen . . .

Suction feeding is one of the primary methods aquatic organisms use to capture prey. Suction feeding in aquatic organisms is well understood in adult fish, but poorly understood in fry. Hydrodynamic theory predicts that suction feeding is not effectiv . . .

Methyl bromide is a broad-spectrum pesticide that successfully controls insects, weeds, rodents, and several pathogens in agricultural crops; however, its use is strongly restricted by international agreement. Consequently, pesticides including inline . . .

The present paper deals with the contiguity of the ranges of Thomomys bottae pascalis and Thomomys bottae mewa north and east of Clovis, Fresno County, California. In this part of California, the pocket gopher of sierra foothills belongs to the race m . . .

Three families of chick embryo DNA have been characterized and it has been shown that the most rapidly reannealing sequences (R family) are complementary to chromosomal RNA; material which fulfills the requirements of an activator RNA. This informatio . . .

The length of time a given psychiatric patient may spend in a mental hospital is complex and depends upon many social and personal factors. With custodial care patients accumulating in mental hospitals at the rate of sixteen thousand per year througho . . .

Changes in the physiological age of females in a population of consperse stinkbugs, Euachistus conspereus Uhler, in Fresno County, California, were followed through one annual cycle. The gonotrophic age techniques developed by Detinova (1945, 1959) an . . .

The European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermu_ller) is a major pest of grapevines in the Palearctic ecozone. In 2008, the moth was reported in Chile and subsequently in California in 2009, representing the first establishment . . .

Bacterial second messenger, c-di-GMP, regulates important functions such as biofilm formation, motility, and virulence. C-di-GMP also has an immunostimulatory property, so can be used as a vaccine adjuvant. In this project, DgcZ (a diguanylate cyclase . . .

Naturally occurring cardiac glycosides, such as digitalis, are well known for their therapeutic effects in the treatment of congestive heart failure (Goodman and Gilman, 1970). Administration of these glycosides elicits an increase in the force of myo . . .

Examination of ovarian morphology was used to determine the seasonal age variations in a field population of house flies. A small winter and early spring population consisted entirely of nulliparous females, mostly in the early stages (N to II) of egg . . .

Carnivorous plants form traps, which require resources that would otherwise go to photosynthetically more active tissue. Added to this cost of trap construction can be the cost of setting and resetting the trap if the trap is active (such as a Venus f . . .

San Joaquin River riparian habitat has been subject to anthropogenic modifications such as housing development, golf courses, and gravel mining sites. These modifications can affect mammals, potentially causing extirpation, higher mortality, increased . . .

The objectives of the present study were to determine the Hlppelates species in Central California, to study the geographic and seasonal distribution of the species, and to evaluate their relative medical importance. The investigations were conducted . . .

The embryology of nematodes has been investigated by a number of zoologists and has been the subject of several classical studies in cytology and germ-cell lineage. The principal embryological studies are those of Boveri (1567, 1866,1890,1909), Zur St . . .

The purpose of this study was to determine if a similar correlation between soil and coat color exists for a fossorial mammal, the pocket gopher (Thomomys sps.); and to attempt to evaluate the importance of protective coloring for an animal which rare . . .

This thesis is concerned with the retinal histology and scotopic (dark adapted) spectral sensitivity of three species of elasmobranch as determined by electroretinography. The cellular makeup of the retinas of each species of elasmobranch will be disc . . .

Big Basin Redwood State Park lies in the Santa Cruz Mountains approximately 40 miles south of San Francisco, 15 miles north of Santa Cruz and 10 miles east of the Pacific Ocean (see Map I in appendix). The park is entirely within Santa Cruz County. It . . .

Apoptosis is the cell’s primary response to stress, and is one of the body’s most important lines of defense against cancer. The process is initiated and governed by the Bcl-2 family of regulatory proteins, which contains both pro- and anti-apoptotic . . .

Food habits of Pacific coast flatfish (Heterosomata) have been studied by Orcutt (1950), Arora (l95l) and Miller (1967). Food habits are one aspect of flatfish biology which is easily studied and can give insight into the ecology of flatfish. In gener . . .

The incidence and habits of a population of the hackled band weaver, Dictyna reticulata Gertseh and Ivie, in Imperial County, California, were followed through the 1969 cotton growing season. Spider populations were sampled using a backpack vacuum app . . .

Cyanobacteria, the only prokaryotes capable of oxygenic photosynthesis, generate reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species as by-products of photosynthesis and cellular metabolism. To defend against oxidative and nitrosative stress caused by RO . . .

All four weedy species of the Muricatae section of the genus Amsinckia are widespread throughout California and often exist sympatrically commonly colonizing the same site. Amsinckia Eastwoodae Macbr., A. intermedia F. & M., A. lycopsoides Lehm, and A . . .

Of those women who progress to an advanced stage of breast cancer, over 80% will develop bone metastases. Currently, bisphosphonates are used for the treatment of metastatic bone disease. Our preliminary results indicate that zoledronic acid directly . . .

Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is a serious and understudied disease that is endemic to California. The distribution of the soft-tick vector of TBRF (Argasidae: Ornithodoros) and the prevalence of the pathogen are poorly understood in the foothills . . .

Four distinctly different lytic bacteriophage systems for the organism Bacillus pumilus have been defined in this laboratory. Lysogenic bacteriophage and bacteriophage for B. pumilus isolated by Smith (1952.) were not available. The purpose of this pr . . .

The use of isolated root cultures has become an important tool in the study of plant physiology and plant morphogenesis. Roots grown aseptically, isolated form the shoot system, may not give an entirely accurate picture of the root system of an intact . . .

Kings Canyon National Park, located in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains, has long been noted for its geological and vegetational diversity. This diversity has led to recent studies in an effort to understand more fully the nature of the vegetation . . .

Food deprivation is a common occurrence in the wild and organisms must be able to maintain energy homeostasis during this period. Energy stores, as well as food intake signaling become disrupted during prolonged fasting. Plasma IGF-1 decreased but no . . .

The purpose of the present investigation was three-fold: (1) to re-affirm the presence of the mountain beaver in its known southern range (the last report of A. rufa in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks was by Boyer in 1948, (2) to study the beh . . .

Bladderwort are a genus of carnivorous plants that traps zooplankton of submillimeter size by active suction. They are among the smallest suction feeders, with gapes ranging from 0.2 to 0.9 mm in the species Utriculria vulgaris. Other suction feeders . . .

The adventitious roots of Poa annua and Poa pratensis are described both externally and internally. The roots of the two species differ in the size, length, position, and amount of xylem. The adventitous roots of Poa annua resemble the lateral roots o . . .

Raynier, (1792) suggested a direct internal visualization of the healthy stomach with food in it for the most exact physiological understanding. Beaumont (1883) observed the reddening of the gastric mucosa during emotional upsets in his subject, Alexi . . .

This study is concerned with density of the bird population expressed as the actual number of non-breeding birds and the pairs of potential breeding birds living on thirty-tree and a third acres in the Foothills Woodland Community at the Experimental . . .

The phenomenon of bacterial lysis by viral action was first reported by Twort (1915) and shortly after, D'Herelle (1926) described the concept of bacteriophagy. Contemporary writers tended to regard the two reports of lysis as due to the same phenomen . . .

This brief paper is the first attempt to present a study of the habits and status of the wood duck, Aix, for the San Joaquin Valley of California. In a natural history survey involving a migratory bird such as this, two year' s observations cannot hop . . .

The Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, has a history of invasions in numerous countries. In 1992, the Chinese mitten crab was introduced to the San Francisco Bay/Delta system. Since its invasion in the San Francisco Bay, it has become an aquatic . . .

The San Joaquin River Restoration Program (SJRRP) is preparing to reintroduce threatened spring-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) into the San Joaquin River between Friant Dam near Fresno, California and the confluence of the Merced River. . . .

It has been demonstrated in this laboratory that different strains of Staphylococcus aureus vary in their capacity to form L-phase organisms. Previous research by this writer produced data that indicated a strain of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from . . .

Anthropogenic land use transformations impact watershed hydrology and increase fine sediment delivery to stream systems. These impacts are known to alter lotic macroinvertebrate assemblages, however much less is known about the mechanisms causing thes . . .

American Crows are common across the United States, well adapted to human habitats, and congregate in large winter roosts. We aimed to characterize the bacterial community (microbiota) of the crows’ feces, with an emphasis on human pathogens. The anti . . .

Beattie and Setlow (1970) presented data to expand and confirm the "lethality mechanism" theory. Steinhart and Herriott (1968b) noted that their theory need not necessarily replace Schaeffer's "limited pairing" hypothesis since the integration level i . . .

The availability of water is arguably the most important landscape factor, particularly in arid climates. Homeowner decisions regarding irrigation are likely to have a direct effect on bird species richness. Previous research has suggested a link betw . . .

The purpose of this study was to evaluate presence of heartworm antigen in domestic dogs in Madera and, for the first time, Fresno Counties and test for the effects of habitat and other environmental variables on prevalence. Dogs were screened for hea . . .

To overcome these problems, investigation of the colonization of a Collembolan species on a strictly artificial habitat for an extended period was undertaken stressing methods which allowed ease of maintenance awri observation, whereby notes on the bi . . .

Several studies have shown that products of urban development have an impact on the behavior and ecology of animals. Urban bird communities have been shown to have greater densities, but often lower diversity compared to their surrounding wildlands, h . . .

Researchers have attempted to make generalizations about how species with similar traits respond to urbanization, although results are geographically idiosyncratic. I present a comparative study in three cities in the arid southwestern US: Fresno, CA; . . .

The variability of the phagocytic action has been known for nearly half a century. first being shown clearly by Shattock and Dudgeon (1908). Experiments by Dixon and McCutcheon (1938) were designed to show whether bacteria chemotropically attract leuc . . .

L-Glutamate controls insect locomotion both at the level of the peripheral and central nervous system. _-N-methyl-amino-L-alanine (BMAA) is considered a glutamate agonist that can cause changes in locomotory behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. Overst . . .

The poplar tree (Populus trichocarpa) has a strong capacity for growth in regions with high salt and trace element contamination in the soil. Using DNA from three salt/boron tolerant and six sensitive genotypes of poplar, association linkages are disc . . .

Plant Parasitic Nematodes (PPNs) cause an enormous annual monetary loss (Li et al., 2007). Thus, new and safe alternatives to control PPN are needed. Previous work identified two organic chalcones, Chalcone 17 and Chalcone 25, as effective nematicidal . . .

Bumblebees are able to obtain information both through personal experience and from their conspecifics, but it is unknown if bees are capable of making the best decision when social information conflicts with personal information. Recent research has . . .

In 2013 there were approximately 250,000 acres of pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) grown in 22 counties throughout California. Many of these orchards are planted primarily with male P. vera ?Peters?, and female ?Kerman? trees. In recent years, growers ha . . .

Methyl farnesoate (MF) is a terminal effector in crustaceans but is the immediate precursor to Juvenile Hormone III (JH) in insects. The insect JH model is well established and is commonly used for comparison with MF functions in crustaceans. MF and J . . .

The chemical composition of sea water has been described as being relatively constant with respect to the ratios of the major components (Dittmar, 1884). There are, however, certain of the minor constituents of sea water which are less conservative an . . .

The benefits of fertilizing farm ponds are well known. For example, Swingle and Smith (1941) found production of fish could be doubled at a reasonable cost by providing a supplemental energy source (commercial fertilizers and cottonseed meal). An addi . . .

Animals are constrained by the urban landscape as human population density and building density impinge on the distribution and abundance of various species. This study used transects and citizen science observations to determine the distribution patt . . .

Meloidogyne incognita (Mi) is a root knot nematode that infects various commercial crops and accounts for a crop loss of $100 billion a year worldwide. Therefore, learning about the biology of this parasite may help develop new strategies for its cont . . .

The immature stages of six species of Cnepfaia were found by the author lin the streams of the central Sierra Nevada mountains. Of these only Qnephia mutata (Hallooh) and C, stewarti Coleman hare been reported previously from California* Cnephia jeaaa . . .

During the past forty years, several papers have appeared in the literature discussing various aspects of water conservation by desert inhabiting rodents, Howell and Gersh (1935) reported that kangaroo rats (Dipodomys) are able to survive on a diet of . . .

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequently encountered form of dementia. Research in mammalian model systems and clinicalstudies in humans indicate that caffeine in the diet can decrease the frequency and severity of Alzheimer’s disease. The effe . . .

Periodically among animals is but single phase of community organization. As a result of this cyclic behavior more complete utilization of the habitat space and radiant energy within a community is possible. Each community is characterized by a diel p . . .

In most species, mitochondria are maternally inherited. Work in Caenorhabditis elegans has shown that a cellular surveillance system eliminates sperm-borne mitochondria that enter an oocyte. Such a system might have evolved to prevent heteroplasmy (th . . .

Organisms that rely on vision for navigation through their environment often do so by integrating many visual cues in order to guide themselves to their desired goal. In ants, research has identified a number of visual cues and features that guide an . . .

The objectives of this study were to determine the gastro-intestinal and ectoparasite prevalence and intensity of infection in five species of medium-sized peri-domestic mammals captured in immediate proximity (3.05 m) to structures. These mammals (n= . . .

Immunochemical studies on nucleic acids began in the late 1950's. Prior to that time, there were no conclusive data that nucleic acids were immunogenic. Lackman and co-workers (42) reported data that were suggestive of reactivity of deoxyribonucleic a . . .

The northern black swift (Cypseloides niger borealis) is an insectivorous bird that nests in small colonies in western North America. The black swift is a California Species of Special Concern with a statewide population estimate of 200 pairs. Previou . . .

In nature, seeds are often exposed to high, temperatures. This may occur while seeds are still attached to the parent plant or after they have fallen to the ground and are exposed to intensive thermal radiation. Levitt (1956) indicates that soils expo . . .

Insects of the higher Neoptera flap their wings by an asynchronous mechanism: Wing strokes are not individually triggered by nerve impulses; rather, delayed stretch-activation allows the flight muscle to oscillate spontaneously when coupled to a reson . . .

Nemacladus Interior has an eight-nucleate, Polygonum type of embryo sac which forms a haustorial process at its chalazal end. This process invades and crushes part of the chalazal tissues of the integument. Fertilization takes place within twenty-four . . .

The Bcl-2 protein family, made up of pro and anti-apoptotic proteins plays a major role in regulating apoptosis. Bax is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family. In its inactive form, Bax is primarily a cytosolic and monomeric protein. Upon activati . . .

The generic name Chlorococcum appears frequently in reports of soil flora investigations, but there is a marked lack of agreement regarding the circumscription of organisms to which this genus name applies (Starr, 1955). Furthermore, there is confusio . . .

Humans who have been exposed to Beta-methylamino-L-alanine (L- BMAA) developed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Parkinson-dementia complex, (ALS-PDC). The structure of L-BMAA is similar to glutamate, making it a glutamate agonist. Since glutamate is an e . . .

Mammalian predators are known to be sensitive to relatively low levels of habitat perturbations, and disturbances to these species are underway due anthropogenic development and climate change in the Sierra Nevada Foothills (SNF) of California. This w . . .

There is a great deal of evidence which suggests that bacteria play many important roles in aquatic communities. Their roles include serving as food sources, uptake of otherwise unusable and sometimes toxic organic substances, biosynthesis of vitamins . . .

Evidence suggests that Particulate Matter, PM2.5, exposure in humans leads to respiratory inflammation through an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production initiated by alveolar macrophages. It is unclear which particle components are respons . . .

Pepper is an economically important crop whose agronomically important phenotypes have been characterized primarily through the use of genetic linkage maps and Quantitavie Trait Loci (QTL) analysis. With the large number of linkage maps available, man . . .