This study involved Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, as the model organism to study the behavioral differences seen in flies overexpressing the human tau protein throughout their adult life span. The tau protein (MAPT – microtubule ass . . .

Worldwide, there are 65 million people that have epilepsy and approximately 200,000 additional individuals are diagnosed with epilepsy annually. There is no cure and currently available anticonvulsants, which are medications to treat seizures, are not . . .

The Escherichia coli cAMP receptor protein (CRP) requires both DNA binding and RNA polymerase recruitment for its transcriptional activation function. The DNA recognition of CRP is performed by the F-helix (residues 180-185) and several F-helix resi . . .

Bacteria must be able to withstand a myriad of stresses from both their environment, and in the case of pathogens, from their host. Low molecular weight thiols serve as redox buffers to maintain a reducing environment in the cell and participate in va . . .

Discovered in 2004, tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are actin-based, bridge-like structures that allow the intercellular transport of cellular components, electrical signals, and pathogens. Thus, TNTs have been implicated in viral propagation, neurodegener . . .

Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) have been recently discovered as an essential form of cell-cell communication in multicellular organisms. Although TNTs appear to be an important cell-cell signaling pathway, its mechanism of formation and functions are st . . .

Bacterial second messenger, c-di-GMP, regulates important functions such as biofilm formation, motility, and virulence. C-di-GMP also has an immunostimulatory property, so can be used as a vaccine adjuvant. In this project, DgcZ (a diguanylate cycla . . .

This three year study (1970-1972) was undertaken to document reproductive success in a colony of great blue herons at the San Joaquin River Heronry, Merced County, California. Quantitative data were collected on incubation period, clutch size, ha . . .

Farm ponds are small man-made resevoirs used for watering of farm animals, irrigation and fishing. Because of their small size, farm ponds are susceptible to rapid eutrophication which can cause growth of noxious or poisonous algae, unpleasant odor . . .

Following the methods of Gardner and Gardner (1969) and Premack and Premack (1972), others have continued human- pongid two-way communication studies elaborating upon the procedures of both the former investigators. Fouts (1973), after the Gar . . .

Bush Anemone (Carpenteria californica Torr.) is a rare endemic shrub that exists within a limited range in Eastern Fresno County, California. Little floristic or vegetation research has been conducted on the species in its natural environment. The . . .

Meso-American squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), restricted to the narrow coastal zone of southeastern Costa Rica and southwestern Panama, are widely separated from their conspecifics east of the Andes, and have a more reduced range than indicate . . .

Waters containing enteropathogenic microorganisms (i.e., Salmonella, Shigella) are considered unsafe for human consumption. Traditionally, indicator bacteria have been utilized for the assess- ment of bacteriologically unsafe waters. However, a d . . .

Two hemipterans, Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (Lygaeidae) and Leptocoris trivittatus Say (Corizidae) (Feir, 1974; Woolley, 1949), have been used extensively in research and teaching due to availability and/or ease of rearing. The common squash bug, . . .

Ranch ponds are numerous in the foothills of the western Sierra Nevada. An article appearing in the California Cattleman (anon, 1975) estimated that there were more than 50,000 ponds of less than 0.0123 cubic hectometers (10 acre feet) in California. . . .

Previous work on the North Kings deer herd has shown that the reproductive potential of the does was high; however, there was a 50 percent neonatal loss of fawns. The neonatal loss was hypothesized to be the result of a nutritional stress expe . . .

Shortly after the discovery of the role of bacteria as the etiological agents of human disease, the search for bacterial toxins began. Bacterial toxins were an important discovery, because they may enhance the pathogenicity of infection; the effect of . . .

The presence or absence of intestinal parasites in a human population is one indication of the quality of life the people lead. Particularly, human intestinal helminths and protozoans have been used to indicate the sanitary standards of a populatio . . .

The rate of growth of catfish farming in the United States during the past 16 years is. unequalled in the history of fish culture. Commercial production of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) has increased from its beginnings in 1960 to an estim . . .

The field of membrane investigation is over 80 years old. Yet that remarkably complex and diverse structure, the cell membrane, continues to elude precise definition of structure and function. Observers have found cell membranes to be involved . . .

The natural history of the Fresno kangaroo rat, Dipodomys nitratoides exilis, in the San Joaquin Valley's alkali sink habitat was first described by Culbertson (1946). His study included little information on the interspecific interactions with ot . . .

Nitidulid beetles have been recognized as major pests of figs In California since 1900 (Simmons et al., 1931). Early workers were concerned primarily with Carpophllus hemlpterus (Linnaeus), the dried-fruit beetle, as the principal nitidulid pest ( . . .

Six species of Simulium larvae found in the Kings River near Piedra, Fresno County, California, are described. The black fly larvae and pupae were reared in the laboratory for taxonomic association of the immature instars, the pupae and the adults. . . .

Clearcut logging of numerous small stands of trees over the last fifteen years has provided suitable areas for the study of early secondary plant succession on the western slope of the central Sierra Nevada mountains. Familiarity with early succession . . .

The primary purpose of this study was to-investigate the feeding habits of silversides (Family Atherinidae) in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, California, since little detailed work on the feeding habits of silversides from California has been pub . . .

An important aspect of any group of organisms from both ecologic and evolutionary points of view is the part played by that group in channeling the flow of energy within the community in which it lives. Foraminifera, marine protozoans with calcium car . . .

The California State Park system, hereafter referred to as CalDPR, has sought for five years to include Carmel Bay, California, in its park system as an underwater park. Carmel Bay is approximately 15 km (5 mi ) in area, located between Pescadero Poin . . .

The primary emphasis in most studies of bacteria and the relationship they have with their host is directed at the study of pathogenic species and the diseases caused by them, However, in addition to the pathogenic bacteria, there are many bacteria . . .

Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-obligate plant pathogenic bacterium that causes disease in diverse crop plants. In grapevines, the infection is known as Pierce’s disease, which is limited to regions with warmer climates and fails to appear in cold cli . . .

Declining trout harvests in rivers on the west slopes of the Sierra Nevada constitute a major fishery management problem in California. As part of a research team investi- gating this problem in the Kings River, my research consisted of docume . . .

When pasture land, is grazed by cattle the composition of the herbaceous vegetation is changed from that of the ungrazed state and the ecology of the pastoral habitat will be variously affected. The object of this investigation was to examine the dist . . .

Penicill ium exnansum is a common fungus occurring in the organic debris in soil. It can also be found in food products, such as grains, cereal products, eggs and chickens (Raper and Thorn, 194-9). However, it is most common in ripe fruits suc . . .

This research project bears upon a number of fields of study, including physiology, biochemistry and psychopathol- ogy. The experiment was designed to create an altered behavioral state by the stress of sensory deprivation. The altered behavioral . . .

Taxonomic and general natural history studies have been complemented by physiological and energetic considerations. This additional emphasis is necessary if the functional role that each species plays in the ecosystem is to be determined. To ascer . . .

This study was undertaken to investigate seasonal acclimatization in two populations of Hyalella azteca as measured by their oxygen consumption. One population was taken from a high Mg habitat and one from a low Mg environment. No significant seasonal . . .

Formation of endospores by aerobic bacilli serves as a model system for answering basic questions related to development and cyto- differentiation in general. An important aspect of sporulation is that different bacilli seem to form spores by g . . .

Captive breeding is a critical management strategy in the recovery and preservation of certain threatened and endangered species. Programs that implement captive breeding must maintain a balance between preserving the genetic purity and genetic dive . . .

The germination of asexual spores of most fungi requires a suitable substrate and a compatible environment. Heat-induced macroaleuriospore germination in Microsporum gypseum has been studied previously by Leighton and Stock (1968). They mentione . . .

The L-Form of Staphylocoecus aureus is of interest from a clinical point of view since it has been often associated with certain diseases. S- aureus L-Forms have been isolated from recurrent osteomyelitis (Rosner, 1968)., In addition, Kagan (1972) . . .

A population of three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus L. from the San Joaquin River below Friant Dam near Fresno, California, was found to be infected with the plerocercoid larval stage of a pseudophyllidean cestode, Schistocephalus sol . . .

Intestinal nematodes of the family Heligmosomidae have been the subject of investigation for many years. Perhaps, the best studied species in the family has been Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Dujardin, 1845) (Nematospiroides dubius Baylis, 1926). Alt . . .

The Nematode suborder Strongylata is among the most important groups of nematodes to man. In addition to two species of hookworms which infect millions of people in the world today, some 40 species of Strongyles infect domestic animals, causing co . . .

Faculty and students of the Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, Moss Landing, California, have been conducting population studies of the dorid nudibranchs in the intertidal of the Monterey Peninsula, California, since 1969. Throughout the studies two c . . .

Inauguration of the embryonic development of the vertebrate nephros begins within the cranial reaches of the intermediate mesoderm. The anterior portions of this mesoderm give rise to the nephrotomes which are the forerunners of the first nephrons . . .

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that commonly causes serious nosocomial infections. P. aeruginosa’s virulence is derived from its large genome that allows adaptations to many environments and high antibiotic resistance. Gene sequ . . .

Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide therapeutic effects to their consuming host’s gastrointestinal tract and immune system. Although they are considered “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) by the FDA and are added to a plethora of prob . . .

The structure of intermittent streams has been described by Abell (1956) . Her work was based on the analysis of Dry Creek, Fresno County, California, which she considered a typical intermittent stream. An earlier work (Stehr and Bransen, 1938) ha . . .

It has been reported by Chew (1965) that all pathways of water exchange are reduced when mammals are subjected to dehydration. With few exceptions, evaporation is the major loss, and usually the greatest absolute conservation of water is realized . . .

This pilot study was designed to test the null hypothesis that tnere is no significant difference between the information obtained by the indigenous Mexican Health Worker on the initial visit to a Mexican patient and that obtained by the professional . . .

No Abstract or Summary.

There has been some uncertainty regarding the subspecific variation, distribution, and resultant taxonomy Dipodomys nitratoides. It was the purpose of this study to critically examine the geographic variation of this species and, on the basis of t . . .

Chromosomes were analyzed from the mitotic bone marrow of nine mountain pocket gophers (Thomomys monticola J. A. Allen, 1893). All the specimens, collected from three different localities in the'Sierra Nevadas, had a diploid number (2N) of 40. Ani . . .

An estuary is a coastal area where river water meets oceanic water. A characteristic of a tidal estuary is brackish water which shows fluctuations in salinity. These fluctuations are due to the diurnal periodicity of the tide and the influx of fresh w . . .

The effects of two mammalian viruses (SV40 and reovirus) were observed on a homeothermic and on a poikilothermic cell line. Propagation of these viruses in both types of cells could indicate shared biochemical receptor sites on the two types of ce . . .

new concept in medical bacteriology was opened for investigation in 1935 when Kleinberger reported she had successfully separated a cell wall deficient variant from a normal culture of Streptobacillus moniliformis (Kleinberger, 1935). Kleinberger den . . .

The western foothills of the Sierra Nevada are dotted with small earthen reservoirs which are maintained by landowners primarily as a source of water for livestock. Most of these farm ponds have been stocked with warmwater gamefish such as largemou . . .

Mountain meadows offer aesthetic values and provide feed for cattle and wildlife, making it important for both financial and recreational reasons that they be maintained at maximum productivity. At the present, little is known about vegetation str . . .

Microsporangial development in angiosperms is a well documented process. In contrast, difficulties such as availability of material, prolonged development, and problems in sectioning have made information concerning microsporogenesis in gymnosper . . .

The subject of this study, Peromyscus boylei (the brush mouse), is found from "Honduras northward to Oregon and Utah and eastward to the Ozark Mountains" (Hooper, 1968: 50). In California, it is found characteristically in the Upper Sonoran life zo . . .

Three out of five wild populations and a laboratory- population of Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), were found resistant to malathion. A malathion-susceptible Indian meal moth population, stressed with malathion, showed a 110-fo . . .

Bladderworts, aquatic carnivorous plants, use specialized traps (with a mouth opening of about 0.2 mm in diameter) to complete their feeding strike in less than a millisecond after the trap begins to open. Suction feeding is well understood in animals . . .

Fewer than 40% of students that pursue college degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) do not graduate with a STEM degree. The rate of college degree attainment in STEM is about 20% lower for women, people with disabiliti . . .

Sandy beaches support dynamic and diverse, but physically narrow intertidal ecosystems that are vulnerable to the effects of anthropogenic disturbance, such as coastal dredging and beach nourishment. Our study site in Morro Bay, California has been . . .

Sculpins of the genus Cottus are commonly found in brackish water and streams of the Pacific drainage of North America (Morris, 1961). Though common, they are infrequently encountered being small, bottom dwelling fish, rarely exceeding 1 50 mm S. . . .

The discovery of antitoxins to both diphtheria and tetanus toxins dramatically introduced two immunological phenomena to twentieth-century science. First, biologically active molecules, such as toxins and enzymes, may have the potential to be neutr . . .

Chalcones are aromatic ketones that form the central core for a variety of important biological compounds. Previous research in Dr. Calderón-Urrea’s laboratory showed the efficacy of eight chalcones (1, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 25, and 30) to kill Caenorha . . .

Chalcones are aromatic ketones that form the central core for a variety of important biological compounds. Previous research in Dr. Calderón-Urrea’s laboratory showed the efficacy of eight chalcones (1, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 25, and 30) to kill Caenorha . . .

This environment could explain the rapid proliferation of the bacteria. It wi also considered probable that the destruction, per se, of bronchiolar epithelium by the virus did not contribute significantly to the synergism.

The genus Echlnorhlnus Blainville contains two species, the brambleshark E, brucus. first described by Bonnatere (1788), and the prickly shark E, cookel. first described by Pietschmann (1928), Due to the considered a variant of E. brucus (Fowler, 1941 . . .

In the present study, laboratory demonstrations of susceptibility to infection of potential intermediate hosts are considered to provide only circumstantial evidence that these experimental hosts may also be natural intermediate hosts for tapeworms. T . . .

Models of muscle contraction were proposed as early as the third century B.C. by an Alexandrian physician, Erasistratus, who believed contraction was evoked by the passage of air into the muscle from surrounding blood vessels. Other historical investi . . .

Cyclic changes in the size of female accessory glands are described. The gland enlarges during ovarian development and gradually becomes smaller after oviposition. The results after surgical removal of the gland indicated that its function is not pert . . .

The peptide hormone ghrelin has been shown to stimulate growth hormone (GH) release, appetite, and fat deposition in vertebrates. More recently, ghrelin has been shown to play a role in glucose metabolism in mammals. Ghrelin acts through the growth ho . . .

The purpose of the study was two-fold: first, to identify and describe the air-borne Moniliales encountered in the Fresno area; and second, to determine their relative abundance. Several methods of collecting culturing and identification are described . . .

Ever since the discovery of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as an effective herbicide during World War II, extensive research effort has been directed to all aspects of this synthesized subs tame that behaves in some respects similar to plant a . . .

This study is necessary because it represents perhaps the last opportunity to examine Grinnell’s findings. Specimens were trapped and their localities mapped (see map, Fig. 1): then statistical methods were applied to various measurements such as tail . . .

During July _ September 2009, ground ultra low volume (ULV) applications of various registered mosquito adulticide formulations were evaluated in a field assay against both wild populations and an insecticide-susceptible laboratory colony of Culex pip . . .

Eleven years ago, the California State Legislature authorized the construction of a peripheral drainage canal for the San Joaquin Valley. Observations suggest that drainage water, which ultimately will come from the entire valley, may have adverse eff . . .

Mammalian cells produce different types of cell protrusions (CPs)—like filopodia, lamellipodia, invadopdia, and tunneling nanotubes—that have been implicated in numerous important biological functions, such as cell migration, cell-cell communication, . . .

There is considerable evidence linking cumulative and sustained exposure to estrogens as a key promoter of breast tumor proliferation. Chemicals with estrogenic activity can bind to the estrogen receptor (ER) to affect downstream signaling of estrogen . . .

Suction feeding is one of the primary methods aquatic organisms use to capture prey. Suction feeding in aquatic organisms is well understood in adult fish, but poorly understood in fry. Hydrodynamic theory predicts that suction feeding is not effectiv . . .

Methyl bromide is a broad-spectrum pesticide that successfully controls insects, weeds, rodents, and several pathogens in agricultural crops; however, its use is strongly restricted by international agreement. Consequently, pesticides including inline . . .

The present paper deals with the contiguity of the ranges of Thomomys bottae pascalis and Thomomys bottae mewa north and east of Clovis, Fresno County, California. In this part of California, the pocket gopher of sierra foothills belongs to the race m . . .

Three families of chick embryo DNA have been characterized and it has been shown that the most rapidly reannealing sequences (R family) are complementary to chromosomal RNA; material which fulfills the requirements of an activator RNA. This informatio . . .

The length of time a given psychiatric patient may spend in a mental hospital is complex and depends upon many social and personal factors. With custodial care patients accumulating in mental hospitals at the rate of sixteen thousand per year througho . . .

Changes in the physiological age of females in a population of consperse stinkbugs, Euachistus conspereus Uhler, in Fresno County, California, were followed through one annual cycle. The gonotrophic age techniques developed by Detinova (1945, 1959) an . . .

The European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermu_ller) is a major pest of grapevines in the Palearctic ecozone. In 2008, the moth was reported in Chile and subsequently in California in 2009, representing the first establishment . . .

Bacterial second messenger, c-di-GMP, regulates important functions such as biofilm formation, motility, and virulence. C-di-GMP also has an immunostimulatory property, so can be used as a vaccine adjuvant. In this project, DgcZ (a diguanylate cyclase . . .

Naturally occurring cardiac glycosides, such as digitalis, are well known for their therapeutic effects in the treatment of congestive heart failure (Goodman and Gilman, 1970). Administration of these glycosides elicits an increase in the force of myo . . .

Examination of ovarian morphology was used to determine the seasonal age variations in a field population of house flies. A small winter and early spring population consisted entirely of nulliparous females, mostly in the early stages (N to II) of egg . . .

Carnivorous plants form traps, which require resources that would otherwise go to photosynthetically more active tissue. Added to this cost of trap construction can be the cost of setting and resetting the trap if the trap is active (such as a Venus f . . .

San Joaquin River riparian habitat has been subject to anthropogenic modifications such as housing development, golf courses, and gravel mining sites. These modifications can affect mammals, potentially causing extirpation, higher mortality, increased . . .

The objectives of the present study were to determine the Hlppelates species in Central California, to study the geographic and seasonal distribution of the species, and to evaluate their relative medical importance. The investigations were conducted . . .

The embryology of nematodes has been investigated by a number of zoologists and has been the subject of several classical studies in cytology and germ-cell lineage. The principal embryological studies are those of Boveri (1567, 1866,1890,1909), Zur St . . .

The purpose of this study was to determine if a similar correlation between soil and coat color exists for a fossorial mammal, the pocket gopher (Thomomys sps.); and to attempt to evaluate the importance of protective coloring for an animal which rare . . .

This thesis is concerned with the retinal histology and scotopic (dark adapted) spectral sensitivity of three species of elasmobranch as determined by electroretinography. The cellular makeup of the retinas of each species of elasmobranch will be disc . . .

Big Basin Redwood State Park lies in the Santa Cruz Mountains approximately 40 miles south of San Francisco, 15 miles north of Santa Cruz and 10 miles east of the Pacific Ocean (see Map I in appendix). The park is entirely within Santa Cruz County. It . . .