Gibson and Levin (1976) have reported that the study of reading can be divided into three distinct time periods on the basis of general approach. For the first period, starting around the turn of the century until around 1925, the list of those . . .

This study investigated the effects of attitudes toward and knowledge of overpopulation and sexism on childbearing and adoption attitudes. The subjects were 131 students drawn from three high school sophomore and three college sophomore classes. Subje . . .

The understanding of the effect of densely populated settings on human experience and behavior is just beginning. In the early psychological literature, the term "crowding" was used to denote a setting that lacked "enough" space due in part to "too ma . . .

The purpose of this study was the initiation of the validation procedures for the Auditory Perception Test (APT), developed in the late 1960s by Walter Ambinder, a clinical psychologist at Wayne State University. Two studies concerning the APT precede . . .

The Japanese American elders who lived through World War II, and who were incarcerated in the American concentration camps, specifically, are nearing the end of their lives. Their experiences and thoughts are invaluable, and the window of time availab . . .

Philanthropic concern for the particular problems of institutionalized elderly adults dates back to the late nineteenth century, but until recently a dearth in specialized psychological assessment devices for the aged existed. During the last decade a . . .

Sputnik provided a powerful stimulus to the study of creativity, but until then it was an area in which psychologists "feared tread" (Guilford, 1950). Close to twenty-five years ago Morgan (1953) published twenty-five definitions selected from the . . .

It was hypothesized that children of premature birth would not differ significantly in mental ability from children born fullterm, but the prematures would have a higher number of behavior problems and achieve developmental milestones at a later age. . . .

The notion that there must be a relationship between hypnotic susceptibility and other personality factors is one that has titillated investigators in hypnosis for some time. Because people differ greatly in their susceptibility to hypnosis it see . . .

The morality, ethics, and conscience of a society are the sum total of the moralities, ethics, and consciences of the individuals comprising that society. Establishment of a more advanced social morality is contingent upon understanding the v . . .

It is estimated that ten million Americans are alcoholics and that for each alcoholic, four other people (e.g., family) are affected (Fresno Bee, 11/17/74). Thus we are dealing with a problem that directly or indirectly affects approximately forty . . .

Social psychology is currently in a state of crisis. During the past few years the creative and critical aspects of the social psychology paradigm have come under increasing attack. It has been argued that hypotheses should be formulated for their rel . . .

The Spraings Visual Discrimination Battery was administered to 432 elementary school students in grades kindergarten through four. These students included 323 normal students, 58 L.D.G. students, and 51 E.H. students. Data from the normal population w . . .

Johnny, age seven, is entering the first grade for the second time. His teacher describes him as extremely disruptive and academically Impoverished. He plays by himself on the playground and often is aggressive toward his peers. In the classroom h . . .

Billy's teachers are frustrated. Billy seems to defy all attempts to teach him to read and write. He has been described by his teachers as inattentive and disruptive in class, quarrelsome on the playground, and generally ambivalent towards authori . . .

According to Medinnus (1967), the interest of delinquency researchers in parent-child relations was stimulated by Freud's emphasis on the importance of early childhood experiences on personality development and by the mental hygiene movement's que . . .

Research in the areas of child development and school readiness over the years has consistently emphasized the great variation in cognitive and perceptual maturity of children of similar chronological age (Rowher, 1970). Conse- quently elementar . . .

A major role of psychologists in school programs has to do with evaluation of children for purposes of categorization, special place- ment, and differential program planning. As we have approached the mid-1970s special education opportunities f . . .

Scientific and technological advances, along with a fast, competitive pace of life, have confronted humans with unique, often paradoxical, situations. Although we have obtained considerable mastery over the physical world, we know very little of o . . .

This study examined the responses of 165 Ss on two independent measures, LOC and SE, in relation to outcomes on eight selected, bipolar, personality adjustment factors from Cattell's "16pf." Criterion points were established for designating a scor . . .

Identification is a term used in personality and developmental theories which is usually credited to Sigmund Freud (Stoke, 1950) • As Freud first used the concept, " . . . identification endeavors to mold a person's own ego after the fashion of th . . .

Considerable attention has been directed toward the study of rodent aggression wherein there lies a generally consistent view that male rodents are more aggressive than their female counterparts. The literature on female rodent aggression, however, . . .

From the recent effluence of publications stimulated by the Women's Liberation Movement has come an introspective and empirical consideration of sex roles and how and why they are filled as they are. Some possible expla- nations or contributing' . . .

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Project Follow Through, a federally funded compensatory education program for reducing the progressive intellectual retardation of culturally disadvan- taged children as they advance through . . .

Since the beginning of the continuity-noncontinuity controversy involving Lashley (1929) and Spence {1936, 1937) , a variety of studies have been conducted which de not uniformly support either of the positions. Although contemporary theories of d . . .

The present study attempted to explore the effective- ness of family operant therapy when used in conjunction with a sample of adolescents on probation from Fresno County. The theoretical underpinnings of this project represent an assimilation o . . .

Measures of religious orientation, open-mindedness, manifest anxiety and trait anxiety were obtained using 124 Ss_ attending Pacific College and California State University, Fresno. The independent variables were sex, school attended and academic . . .

Wechsler's (1949, 1974) conception of intelligence concerns the individual's ability to comprehend and function within his environment. In focusing in on this multi- determined and multifaceted entity, he selected subtests contributing to the . . .

Behavioral contrast was investigated in rats in four separate experiments. In three experiments, one component of a multiple schedule was associated with a sucrose pellet of either 8%, 16%, or 32%, while the reinforcer in the other component was a . . .

This study results from the growing interest in behavioral weight reduction. It is concerned with refining behavioral techniques, e.g., stimulus control and cognitive restructuring, and establishing parameters of their effectiveness. Forty-seven su . . .

There is little doubt that music produces in people a variety of effects. The study of which aspects of music- (e.g., tempo, dynamics, loudness) produce its effects has been the subject of many philosophical and empirical reports (e.g., Farnsworth . . .

The importance for the study of projection lies in its wide scope of influence in human relationships. Patients often project fantasies related to past family experiences onto therapists. Therapists often project their needs, problems, values, onto . . .

Aggressive behavior in mice has been the focus of intense study for a number of decades. Over thirty years ago, Uhrich (1938) after observing 450 mice concluded that aggressive behaviors are influenced by a variety of factors. He found that the ani . . .

This study examined the behavior of 80 subjects including 39 mentally retarded, 21 emotionally disturbed, and 20 normal children (mean mental age [MA] = 8.2 years), on a problem-solving task involving partial reinforcement to three stimuli. The ma . . .

It is often said that the elements of man which set him apart from the rest of the organisms occupying space on the earth are his reasoning faculties and his ability to communicate verbally. Therefore, it is no surprise that man has expended endle . . .

Obesity is considered by the medical profession to be one of the most prevalent health hazards in the American culture. Estimates of its incidence in the United States range from 20% to 40%. Overweight individuals, as compared to individuals of . . .

Ehrenfreund (1948), in an early review of the continuity-noneontinuity controversy, concluded that learning will occur only when stimuli are placed so that they impinge on S's sensory receptors. This conclusion was based on his finding that presolu . . .

This study sought to investigate developmental changes in the limiting effects of prior experience and labelling upon problem solving in children. Initially, all _Ss were given three tests of language development. In a second testing session, a Con . . .

The first instance of encounter took place when a person moved his finger and watched his muscles tighten and he was amazed; he knew he was. He realized there were others and together they moved the evolutionary arrow forward: Socialization, and a . . .

Suicide is the one form of dying in which a person can choose his own time, place, and way of death. Death by suicide has numerous ramifications: it may exaggerate grief by creating guilt in the survivors; it removes workers prematurely from the . . .

As societies grow larger and more complex, the individuals who compose them are constantly interacting and conversing. The average citizen must communicate verbally with a multitude of persons in order to conduct one's daily affairs, e.g., spouse, . . .

A number of previous investigations have shown that early exposure to an enriched environment results in superior learning ability in later life (Forgays & Forgays, 1962; Denenberg, Woodcock, & Rosenberg, 1968; Henderson, 1972; and Lundeen, 1973). . . .

Ultra-marathons are endurance races that are 50 miles or more in length. Previous research has suggested that elite distance runners cognitively monitor the pain and discomfort for athletic events in an associative manner. In contrast, amateur runne . . .

There has been some debate between researchers on how to measure the procrastination construct. Some researchers suggest that a scale should capture the negative aspects of procrastination in all of its items (Klingsieck, 2013). To address this need . . .

Tradition has it that the beginning of a paper such as this should serve to convince the reader of the importance of studying violence and the need for further research in the area. In these times, however, it seems trite to quote statistics on th . . .

The present study explored the contention that deaf children are deficient in the use of implicit verbal skills presumed necessary for the solution of a complex reasoning problem. Deaf children between the ages of eight and thirteen were matched b . . .

Posthypnotic amnesia has long been considered an essential characteristic of hypnosis. It was first reported by the Mar- quis de Puysegur in 1784 while experimenting with his famous subject, Victor. Since it was well known that sleepwalkers experi . . .

The effect of delay of reward upon acquisition of an instrumental response was examined using water deprived rats in a straight runway. Following stable performance in the . acquisition (preshift) phase, subjects receiving 0, £ or 16 sec access to . . .

Verbal communication, the sharing through words of knowledge, ideas, and experiences, is considered the essence of humanity. Non-verbal language systems, such as those being taught to chimpanzees (Fleming, 1974) , seem to be judged non-human becau . . .

The subject of the present research is public criticism of police conduct and professionalism, as well as public perception of an officer’s guilt in shooting situations. The hypothesis driving this research is that people will be more critical of a . . .

There is nothing in the national interest which has, recently, been given higher priority than giving every child an equal opportunity to develop his physical and intellectual self. Yet, there is one group of children, those with a minimal brain d . . .

Discussion of purpose, intent. Segments of American society are differentiated from each other by such things as amount of income, quantity and quality of material possessions, areas of occupation, place-type of residential dwelling, and social s . . .

A large body of research demonstrates significant enhancement of retention when encoding episodes are temporally spaced versus massed together. Researchers use either a ‘restudy’ or a ‘retrieval’ method of encoding during relearning trials, but the . . .

In Social Psychology, attention has been given to interpersonal response traits which affect the social behavior of persons. Krech, Crutchfield, and Ballachev have called attention to such traits which characterize the social conduct of people. They . . .

No Abstract or Summary.

According to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA, 2019), approximately 3.3 million dogs enter shelters every year. Researchers have identified behavioral factors influencing adoption and found that poor interaction wit . . .

The major purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the Career Opportunity trainees' attitudes and their performance on the job. For the purposes of this study, the major areas of concern were the subjects' open- mindedness and job . . .

A wide variety of assessment procedures have been utilized to ascertain the typical personality traits of student activists of both the right and left. Also, much research concerning nocturnal dreams has been conducted, but few investigations have dea . . .

This study developed from an interest in following the academic progress of students, who had been intensively studied as kindergarten children. Much interest has been shown in recent years in finding students at an early age who will experien . . .

Research supports attractive food cues, such as olfactory cues, in our environment have a strong impact on eating behavior (Yeomans, 2006); however, research on olfactory cues has been mixed. Research demonstrates that brief olfactory exposures may in . . .

It was hypothesized, therefore, that the projective qualities of the Healy Picture Completion Test II would result in a significantly lower correlation between the Healy and Binet scores of the guidance clinic group than would be found between these s . . .

Anomie refers to a weakening of cultural values and social norms. One interpretation is that anomie exists because of moral deregulation when normative rules begin deteriorating, while another suggests that it is a product of insufficient means to rea . . .

Exactly how language is acquired by children is still a controversial issue. The relative ease by which a young child acquires his native language is quite remarkable. A search for an adequate explanation for this unique phenomenon has been made by in . . .

Aerial perspective is a generally recognized cue to distance. The cue of aerial perspective is normally operative only at large distances, and is often characterized by apparent changes in the color of distant objects toward the blues and violets. Thi . . .

The question of whether full_day kindergarten versus half-day kindergarten results in greater academic achievement gains for children has often been debated. The present literature includes evidence that suggests both benefits and deficits of full-day . . .

Childhood/adolescent obesity rates have nearly tripled since 1980 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011) and it is important to find practical interventions to increase physical activity in children when addressing this problem. In this st . . .

This study examined the accuracy with which Latino-immigrant mothers perceive their children?s educational aspirations and the accuracy of children?s perceptions of their mothers? educational aspirations for them. Additionally, it explored the relatio . . .

In 2013, it was reported that 42 million children around the world were considered overweight or obese (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2015). This is a major problem considering childhood eating patterns are predictive of adult eating patterns (La . . .

This study examined if demographic, academic, enrollment, and neighborhood characteristics were significant predictors of transferring from a community college to a 4-year university. This multi-level analysis included individual-level student data ob . . .

With the rate of diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) currently at 1 in 68 children, it is imperative that parents, educators, and related school personnel are knowledgeable about how to determine appropriate educational settings for children . . .

Establishing a relationship with a young child with ASD is an important variable in the course of successful behavioral treatment. The quality of relationship between two individuals is usually referred to as rapport. In behavior analytic literature r . . .

Previous research on pets has focused on both the psychological benefits through attachment and physiological benefits through stress reduction and health improvement. Research has shown that the mere presence of a companion animal can reduce stress i . . .

One way an individual can control another person's behavior is through aversive consequences, such as threats of punishment. In behavioral research this is referred to as aversive control. Aversive control is widespread in our culture and its use is c . . .

This study was designed to identify and measure developmental changes in the pattern of mental abilities measured by a popular battery of intelligence tests using a series of factor analyses at intervals along a developmental continuum into old age. T . . .

Minorities continue to be overrepresented within special education programs for students identified with an emotional disturbance (ED), specific learning disability (SLD), or mental retardation (MR), while being underrepresented in gifted programs. In . . .

The current study explored the relationship between ethnic identity and indices of well-being, the mediating role of social relationships, and the moderating role of adherence to Latino familism values, over a 2–year period. First, it was anticipated . . .

The present study examined the moderating role of personality in a social situation modeled after Solomon Asch’s classic line judgment paradigm. Participants indicated their willingness to engage in hypothetical risky behaviors, either while alone or . . .

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a class-wide intervention, utilizing Second Step curriculum and parent involvement, on increasing students’ positive beliefs about themselves and others. Belief-in-self and belief . . .

A skeletal summary of Osgood's ideas will be presented since a complete understanding of his theory is not essential for our purposes. He hypothesizes that when other stimuli occur in conjunction with a stimulus object, they tend to become conditioned . . .

It was hypothesized, therefore, that the projective qualities of the Healy Picture Completion Test II would result in a significantly lower correlation between the Healy and Binet scores of the guidance clinic group than would be found between these s . . .

Unscheduled absences are a significant cause of organizational losses due to reduced staffing and production, increased overtime, and increases in workload for the employees present at work. The current study was conducted in the public employment sec . . .

Lonely individuals are typically thought of as shy, withdrawn people who lack social skills and become anxious in social situations. However, the loneliness engagement theory (S. Seepersad, personal communication, January 15, 2009) postulates that the . . .

Social skills have been considered as an indicator for long-term success in personal, academic, and professional arenas. Social skills training programs have long been in demand in schools in spite of modest success. This study explored elementary sch . . .

With the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 has come a stronger push for English Language Learner (ELL) students to become proficient speakers, readers, and writers of the English language so they may perform similarly to their native English-speaking p . . .

Interrogative suggestibility is characterized by factors present during interrogations that make people more likely to accept inaccurate information and change their responses accordingly. Research on interrogative suggestibility has been vital in cha . . .

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of behavioral self-management versus parental-management in increasing medical regimen adherence among adolescents with asthma. The study also examined the subsequent effects on clinica . . .

This study examined the perceived impact of a 2-week residential camp experience on children?s social skills and happiness. Participants were 167 children ages 6-15 who attended one of six participating camps during the summer of 2014 and 132 of their . . .

This study sought to further explore the bases and implications of teacher judgments related to student socioeconomic status (SES). Teacher judgments of students were examined using hypothetical student profiles and questionnaires designed for this st . . .

Communicative abnormalities are common symptoms of individuals who have autism spectrum disorders. Many children with autism fail to develop functional speech. This study addressed the augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) needs of children . . .

A basic tenet of Capaldi's sequential theory (1967) of the partial reinforcement effect (PRE) is that the stimulus aftereffects of reward (Sr) and nonreward (S1') remain functional and readily replaceable over long periods of time. In support of such . . .

Over the past 30 years, studies on social groups and cultural influences have helped researchers understand the conditions in which people confide and withhold personal information. The purpose of this study was to study self- disclosure with a focus . . .

People are becoming more involved in attempting to reduce human-made pollutants. A method that is widely encouraged is to recycle. To do this efficiently there is a need to develop low-tech methods that are affordable and that will continue to produce . . .

Anxiety disorders are one of the major psychological health issues confronted by the recipients and treated by the providers of mental health services today. Anxiety has historically been a central research topic of mainstream psychology. Although beh . . .

The concepts of activity and passivity have appeared both in the writings of Freud and the Neo-Freudians. Though these terms have never had a consistent meaning or application they most often appear in connection with two fundamental areas of concern . . .

As one of the more recent ethnic groups to immigrate to the United States, Hmong are faced with the issue of acculturating into the new culture. Specifically, the study explored the following: (1) how the type of coping strategies utilized by Hmong ad . . .

Anxiety disorders are extremely high in prevalence in our society today. One of the most common anxiety disorders is social anxiety disorder, more specifically glossophobia (fear of public speaking). In persons with public speaking anxiety, anxiety is . . .

One characteristic of some individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder is that they exhibit resistance to sudden changes in their routine. Children with Autism may engage in challenging behaviors when their routine is disrupted, especially when transiti . . .

It was the purpose of this study (1) to compare the speech sound perception abilities of a group of children with functional articulatory disorders and a group of children with normal speech, (2) to investigate the relative dependence factors as compa . . .