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- Creator:
- Millar, Nicole
- Description:
- Recent literature has highlighted the necessity to include specific strength training that mimic on-field demands that lead to successful performance. Few studies have examined specific strength training in female athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether explosive hip thrusts (HT) or explosive half squats (SQ) would improve strength, sprinting, agility, jumping, or kicking performance in female high school soccer players. the participants were randomized into two groups: HT (n = 6, age: 15.7 ± 0.8 years, height: 162.6 ± 5.8 cm, mass: 56.3 ± 6.4 kg) or SQ (n = 8, 15.3 ±.71 years, height: 159.1 ± 7.2 cm, mass: 56.7 ±6.7 kg). the 6-week training program required each group to perform their respective exercise twice-a-week during in-season. a two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a main effect for HT and SQ strength, broad jump and kicking distance; however, no interactions were present for any of the dependent variables. Furthermore, ANOVA revealed HT provided a notable effect size for kicking distance when compared to the SQ, indicating greater possible carryover. the present study showed HT and SQ produced similar increases in performance, with no statistical advantage over the other. Therefore, it is recommended to include one of these exercises within a strength training program. Inclusion of either exercise may depend on coaching or athlete preference, specificity, and/or availability of equipment.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Identifier:
- 9780438053519
- Campus Tesim:
- Fullerton
- Department:
- Department of Kinesiology
- Creator:
- Ungerman, Lindsey
- Description:
- This study investigated the effects of different designs of sports bras on peak absolute breast acceleration and perceived comfort ratings. This study offers two hypotheses: (1) the hybrid bra, controlling for the most superior-inferior motion, would produce the least amount of acceleration; and (2) the hybrid bra combining the encapsulation and compression principles, would be rated the most comfortable. Previous research indicates that breasts could be a barrier for physical activity and exercise. Eleven recreationally active female subjects ages 18–30 ranging from cup size 36C–34 DD were asked to perform six short running trials at two self-selected speeds based on the RPE scale (RPE 12 and RPE 17) in three different sports bra conditions. a triaxial high sensitivity ICP accelerometer was placed inside the bra anterior to the right nipple in order to track peak absolute acceleration. After each trial participants were asked to rate their overall exercise-induced breast pain using a numerical scale for breast pain. Results from this study showed manipulation of bra type had a significant effect on the resulting breast acceleration (p ≤ .001). the compression bra produced the greatest resultant breast acceleration in both the RPE 12 speed and the RPE 17 speed. the encapsulation bra was rated significantly more comfortable than the compression bra at the RPE 12 and 17 speeds. the findings of this study may help guide future research and sports bra design by attempting to illuminate the role acceleration plays in perceived breast discomfort while exercising.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Identifier:
- 9780438055414
- Campus Tesim:
- Fullerton
- Department:
- Department of Kinesiology
- Creator:
- Moffit, Tyler
- Description:
- Introduction: Strength training can be used to prevent injuries and improve running economy in distance runners. the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between lower extremity strength and distance running biomechanics. Methods: 36 competitive distance runners (26 male, 10 female) participated in this study. Participants performed maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the hip and knee extensors and knee flexors, a 1 repetition maximum back squat, and running biomechanics at a standardized and self-selected speed. Pearson correlations were used to analyze relationships between strength and biomechanics at the standard speed. Partial correlations were used to analyze relationships at the self-selected speed. Results: Hip extension peak torque (PT) was associated with less the peak hip extension power, standard speed (r = 0.48, p < 0.01), self-selected speed (r = 0.58 p = 0.001). Greater 1RM was associated with faster self-reported 5km time (r = -0.51 p = 0.002) and 1500m time (r = -.65 p < 0.001). Greater hip extension PT was also associated with faster 1500m time (r = -0.54 p < 0.01). Greater knee flexor PT was associated with faster 5k (r = -0.43 p = 0.01) and 1500m time (r = -0.50 p < 0.01). Discussion: Hip extension PT was positively correlated with hip extension power at preferred speed and standardized speed, indicating that weaker runners utilized more hip extension joint power for propulsion. While maximal strength may not influence joint mechanics at relatively slow paces in distance runners, it may allow the runners and maintain higher velocities in competition.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Identifier:
- 9780438055070
- Campus Tesim:
- Fullerton
- Department:
- Department of Kinesiology
- Creator:
- Gonzales, Joseph
- Description:
- Running related injuries are related to foot strike pattern (FSP). Cross-sectional area (CSA), pennation angle (PA), and fascicle length (FL) of the lower limb musculature contribute to plantarflexion (PF)/dorsiflexion (DF) strength, and may influence FSP. the purpose of this investigation was to compare CSA, PA, and FL of the medial and lateral gastrocnemii (MG and LG, respectively) and tibialis anterior (TA) between forefoot (FF) and rearfoot (RF) strikers and to investigate associations between FSI, CSA, PA, and FL. 33 recreational runners (22 male/11 female; age = 22.26 ± 3.01 years; height = 1.72 ± .08 m; mass = 65.20 ± 8.97 kg) participated in this study. CSA, PA, and FL of the MG, LG, and TA were assessed using ultrasonography. PF and DF maximal strength values were obtained using handheld dynamometry. FSP was obtained using foot strike index (FSI), and 15 RF, 2 midfoot, 16 FF strikers were identified. Midfoot strikers were excluded from analysis. Spearman rho rank order correlation was used to evaluate the association between FSI and CSA, PA, FL, and strength; whereas Pearson product moment correlation (r) was used to evaluate relationships between strength and ultrasound measurements. ANCOVA analysis was used to compare dependent variables between groups. RF strikers demonstrated lesser TA EI, steeper TA PA, and lesser LG PA compared to RF strikers. There are lower limb muscle architectural and geometric differences that influence FSP, and are amenable to tailored interventions. These features should be considered when transitioning FSP in long distance runners.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Fullerton
- Department:
- Department of Kinesiology
- Creator:
- Brayshaw, Brent David
- Description:
- Standing meditation (SM) is the fundamental component of Tai Chi Chuan (TCC)—a complex neuromotor exercise found to be associated with many health benefits including improved mindfulness and fall reduction in older adults (OA). PROBLEM: Despite its importance in TCC, few studies have included SM as a part of their TCC intervention, and no prominent studies have tested the effects of SM alone. METHODS: Sixteen participants were recruited into a 5-week progressive SM intervention. Thirteen completed the full program. However, quantitative data analysis was conducted on only ten participants (M = 69 years, SD = 6) after removing three that later did not meet inclusion/ exclusion criteria. the Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) Scale and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) were used to assess balance and mindfulness. Additionally, participants were assigned weekly homework logs and a post-intervention survey. Quantitative analysis compared the pre- and post-cores of assessments with paired-samples t tests. the study also conducted qualitative analysis of participant commentary. RESULTS: Post-scores (M = 37.8) on the FAB scale were significantly higher than pre-scores (M = 30.9). for mindfulness, however, post-scores (M = 66.1) on the MAAS were significantly less than pre-scores (M = 70.6). Qualitatively, participants received the intervention well, and reported feeling steadier in daily tasks, like walking, after the intervention. CONCLUSION: this first look at SM suggests it is a simple exercise that may have a positive effect on multiple dimensions of balance in OA.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Fullerton
- Department:
- Department of Kinesiology
- Creator:
- Collins, Kyle
- Description:
- This study investigated reliability of the average (avgV) and peak velocity (peakV), and average (avgM) and peak momentum (peakM), of a drive block test (DBT) in fifteen male high school OL, and relationships to football performance tests. a linear position transducer attached to the waist measured the DBT as the OL fired from a three-point stance into a blocking pad. Linear speed was measured by 0–2.29, 0-4.57, 0–9.14, and 0–36.58 m sprint intervals. Change of direction (COD) was measured by the pro-agility shuttle (1st COD, 2nd COD, total time) and COD deficit from both the 1st (COD deficit 1) and 2nd COD (COD deficit 2) of the pro-agility shuttle. Vertical jump, standing broad jump (SBJ), and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) back squat measured power and strength, respectively. DBT reliability was assessed with intraclass correlations (ICC), dependent t-tests, and coefficient of variation (CV). Pearson’s correlations (p < 0.05) investigated relationships between the DBT variables and performance tests. the DBT proved reliable (ICC > 0.90; CV = 6.46%–8.29%). the DBT variables showed relationships with the 2nd COD of the pro-agility shuttle and COD deficit 2 (r = –0.515 to –0.721). 1RM back squat correlated with avgM (r = 0.551) and peakM (r = 0.582); SBJ correlated with avgV (r = 0.557), and peakV (r = 0.571). Additionally, avgV and peakV correlated to avgM and peakM (r = 0.760 to 0.844). Traditional performance measures in high school OL may not represent drive block speed. the pro-agility shuttle splits, COD deficit, and SBJ may relate more to a OL-specific DBT.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Fullerton
- Department:
- Department of Kinesiology
- Creator:
- Mcmurray, Marissa
- Description:
- Parents play a critical role in their child’s PA; however, limited interventions have targeted parents and their beliefs, such as self-efficacy (SE) and outcome expectations (OE). Narrative messages are a tool that have been used to promote PA by targeting SE and OE in other populations including breast cancer survivors and cardiac rehabilitation patients. the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether parent SE, OE and intentions for their child’s PA differs when presented in a narrative message, an informational message, or a control message. This was evaluated using an experimental design delivered through the Qualtrics online survey site. Preschool-age parents (N = 69) were recruited at local parks and preschool events as well as through social media and completed the baseline questionnaire. Parents were randomized to one of three groups: narrative message group, informative message group, and control message group. Immediately following the message participants completed a post questionnaire and one week later, a follow-up questionnaire. All three groups showed an increase in self-efficacy pre-to post (p = .005). There was a significant group by time interaction (p = .006) for positive OE. the narrative message group decreased from pre-to follow-up whereas the other two groups had no change. Across all groups there was a negative time effect from pre-to post for intentions ( p < .001). the narrative intervention was not shown to be effective in changing parents’ self-efficacy and outcome expectations over time.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Fullerton
- Department:
- Department of Kinesiology
- Creator:
- Rivera, Michelle
- Description:
- Softball and baseball are games that require multiple skill sets such as throwing, hitting and fielding. Players spend a copious amount of time in batting practice in order help a successful hit. Variables commonly associated with successful hitting include bat-velocity and torso rotation. the concept of overspeed bodyweight assisted (BWA) training has shown increase in vertical jump and help decrease sprint time, which may apply to assisted hip rotation. the purpose of this study was to examine the effects if assisted hip rotation on bat-velocity. Twenty-one male and female recreational softball and baseball players (15 male; 6 female; age, 24.5 6 ± 3.12; height, 173.25 ± 10.34 cm; body mass, 78.21 ± 17.68) participated in the study. Three different BWA conditions were randomized and its effect on bat-velocity was analyzed (10% BWA, 20% BWA, 30% BWA). Subjects were instructed to perform three maximal effort swings with 0% BWA, 10% BWA, 20%BWA and 30% BWA. a mixed factor analysis of variance revealed there was no interaction (p = 0.841) or main effect for conditions, but there was a main effect for sex where males had greater bat speed than females for all conditions. Using the concept of overspeed training, assisted hip rotation has yet to show improvements in bat-velocity.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Fullerton
- Department:
- Department of Kinesiology
- Creator:
- Mcalister, Kelsey
- Description:
- PURPOSE: to identify a relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS), cytokines, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in youth with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) and non-syndromic obesity (OB). METHODS: Twenty-one youth with PWS (ages 10.7 ± 2.6) and 34 youth with OB (ages 9.6 ± 1.0) participated. Body composition measures and blood pressure were obtained. Blood sampling measured cholesterol, CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α. Accelerometry measured MVPA for eight days. Chi-square analyses and t-tests compared the frequency of meeting MetS criteria and differences in MetS markers and cytokines between PWS and OB. Group specific median-splits placed participants into high and low PA. ANOVAs analyzed differences in MetS severity and cytokines between groups and levels of PA. RESULTS: The frequency of BMI as a MetS marker was lower in PWS than OB (χ2 = 6.952, p < 0.01). the frequency of glucose as a MetS marker was lower in PWS than OB (χ2 = 5.247, p < 0.05). in OB, MVPA was associated with MetS severity (r = –0.35, p = 0.07) and CRP (r = –0.39, p = 0.05). in PWS, low PA had higher TNF-α than high PA (PWS low PA = 1.80 ± 0.45 pg/mL, PWS high PA = 1.39 ± 0.26 pg/mL, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Youth with PWS presented a better cardiometabolic profile than OB. Our data suggests PA could possibly influence MetS and systemic inflammation in youth with and without PWS. Future research should consider a longitudinal design to investigate PA in individuals with PWS to aid in the prevention of MetS.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Fullerton
- Department:
- Department of Kinesiology
- Creator:
- Miller, Kelsey L.
- Description:
- The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of foam rolling on maximum sprint performance and range of motion in recreational athletes. Eleven men (mean ± SD age = 22.16 ± 3.2 years, body mass = 81.6 ± 7.97 kg, height = 175.2 ± 5.4 cm) and eleven women (21.7 ± 1.8 years, 64.5 ± 8.8 kg, 162.8 ± 4.4 cm) volunteered for this study. Participants visited the laboratory and outdoor field on three occasions. the first visit was an orientation and familiarization session, the second and third days involved measuring the participant’s baseline range of motion of the plantar flexors, quadriceps, and hamstrings, in addition to baseline 20-meter sprints with 2 minutes of rest in between. Next, they took part in either a foam rolling intervention or a control condition. Then the participant’s range of motion, and sprint times were measured. Range of motion in all joints significantly improved in both men and women from the foam rolling intervention (p ≤ 0.05). No significant changes were seen in the control group (p ≥ 0.05). Sprint speeds did not significantly change from the control or foam rolling interventions for men or women (p ≥ 0.05). While no significant decreases in sprint times were found, foam rolling in athletes who need acute improvements in range of motion without subsequent decreases in performance may be advantageous.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Fullerton
- Department:
- Department of Kinesiology