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- Creator:
- Onovakpuri, Ogheneruno
- Description:
- Increased penetration levels of Distributed Generation (DG) can cause harmful harmonics and power quality issues for the power distribution system. This project aims to investigate harmonic and power quality issues related to high penetration levels of DG. The existing harmonic and power quality concerns and problems caused by DG on typical power distribution systems will be studied. The focus will be on a commonly used type of DG known as solar Photo-Voltaic (PV) that contributes to power quality issues. Sample tests utilizing a case study of power quality at a PV plant in Princeton, NJ, and simulation results showing the power quality problems will be analyzed. Possible solutions and recommendations for mitigating these power quality issues will be investigated.
- Resource Type:
- Project
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Creator:
- Anand, Brannon
- Description:
- Statement of Problem: Today all of our residential and commercial properties use AC power for all of our electrical needs, but as our electronics have been advancing our method to supply power has not changed for over a century. AC power has proven to be an easy forum of transmission and distribution because of its ease in transforming to higher voltages but the drawbacks are starting to out weight the benefits. AC power comes with substantial losses through transmission via inductance of the lines, reactance of the loads, and inherit losses from AC to DC conversions. Sources of Data: All sources were researched from various IEEE reports and other highly reputable sources to maintain all information is as close and relevant as possible. All proposed ideas and assumptions were backed up via sources, simulations, calculations, and observations. Conclusions Reached: This report reveals that future residential and commercial properties would benefit from DC micro grids, distributive photovoltaic generation, DC power storage, and DC distribution within the building structure to minimize all losses through conversion and line losses. This report also reveals additional ease of retrofitting existing structures, increase in electrical safety, and production of a more renewable source of energy.
- Resource Type:
- Project
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Creator:
- Galvez, Angela Marie
- Description:
- Dual-slope analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are known for their high accuracy, but slow conversion times. The objective of this project was to design a 12-bit dual-slope analog-to-digital converter in a 0.5 µm CMOS process which rejects 60 Hz noise and employs fully-differential circuits. Each circuit within the ADC was designed and simulated using the Mentor Graphics computer-aided design (CAD) integrated circuit (IC) design tools in order to meet a set of target specifications.
- Resource Type:
- Project
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Creator:
- Burlingame, Jessica Christine
- Description:
- Arc Flash causes serious damage to life and equipment. Several new techniques have been created to help reduce the risks associated with Arc Flash. Most commonly used and trusted method by the industry is a study that uses electrical system characteristics and parameters. This paper demonstrates how such a study is conducted on a sample system. System parameters and tabulated study results have been presented. It is also discussed and demonstrated that simple modifications in some system parameters can greatly reduce the risks associated with Arc Flash.
- Resource Type:
- Project
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Creator:
- Taiwo, Adewunmi Oluwademilade
- Description:
- Statement of Problem: Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (POTT) is a scheme that enables fast tripping of breakers at the local and remote end of a protected equipment. POTT schemes are typically used for high voltage line protection against faults in areas with coordination and power stability issues. Three-phase fault is the most severe type of fault that can occur and fast tripping at high voltages is paramount for personnel safety, to avoid equipment destruction, and fires. POTT schemes require a secure form of communication between both relays (local and remote). Sources of Data: For this project, I followed guidelines provided by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) Transmission Line Protection Manual and Relay Application Guideline. I used Aspen software package to model the power system (transmission lines and buses). I also performed analyses such as fault-duty study, relay-setting testing, and coordination study using Aspen. I used Mathcad to create relay-setting using PG&E guidelines. In general, the settings depend on the fundamentals of POTT scheme, the fault-duty study, and the current transformer (CT) and voltage/potential transformer (PT) ratios. I used Microsoft Visio to model other diagrams and figures required to better explain how the POTT scheme works. Conclusions Reached: POTT scheme is an effective scheme for fast tripping. It requires a secure form of communication between both relays (local and remote) protecting the equipment. Using relevant manuals, guidelines and papers, I modelled and set relays to protect a 230kV line using a POTT scheme. I also provided Phase distance and Ground overcurrent settings for SEL-411L relays.
- Resource Type:
- Project
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Creator:
- Sidhu, Harpreet
- Description:
- Optics usually refers to the behavior of visible, infrared, or ultraviolet light. In mathematics, triangulation, is based on the relations of the angles and sides of a triangle. This project is using both of these concepts for distance estimation. Understanding those basic and fundamental concepts will ensure a feasible method to create a laser-based 3D triangulation system. Essentially in laser based optical triangulation systems, a narrow array of light will be projected into an object, thus generating a line of illumination, which is distorted from the observation perspective of the projector. The distortion will be analyzed to derive information of the dimensions of the objects under examination. Researching the triangulation literature has proven that there are several different ways of achieving the desired outcomes. Based on test data, covered later on this this report, the current implementation can measure objects from 4 inches to 88 inches away. This is limited by both the laser that is used, as well as the initial measurement methodology.
- Resource Type:
- Project
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Creator:
- Carmi, Eric
- Description:
- It is common for the frequency response of a loudspeaker to be characterized at a single point directly in front of the speaker. A loudspeaker’s frequency response depends on the spatial position of the microphone, and being able to obtain the frequency response at more than one location may be desirable. Acoustic measurements in three dimensions are not easy to do accurately and require an automated system in order to be precise and consistent. Previous attempts have used robotic arm manipulators or linear tracks for moving a microphone around a room. Modern robotics offers a cost effective way of obtaining measurements accurately and robust enough to be expanded to other rooms or spaces at a later time. The robot presented here costs less then $500 and uses all open source hardware and software. Most of the data in this project was gathered using ROS (robot operating system) and OpenCV, which are open source software libraries. The technical references are for a similar project, of which one could be found, and references for the kinematic model of a three-wheel drive robot. It is possible to make a robot that costs less than $500 that is capable of characterizing loudspeakers in three dimensions. Although the robot was designed for a particular room, for it to function in other rooms will only require new software.
- Resource Type:
- Project
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Creator:
- Frost, Brian Scott
- Description:
- Learning how to barbeque can be an intimidating and a difficult process, taking years to master, leaving novice cooks disappointed with burnt uncooked meat. Today, there are PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controllers that allow novice cooks to barbeque meat at the right temperature for long periods of time, removing the guess work that results in professionally cooked barbeque. However, many of the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers for barbeques are expensive and most controllers are kept a mystery, understandably to protect their proprietary information from competitors. This paper will design a barbeque with a PID controller using an Empirical Testing approach that will be tuned to one temperature at 250 °F. Data will be gathered at five different temperature ranges at 200, 225, 250, 275, and 300 °F to measure how robust the PID controller is. Also, opening the barbeque lid will act as a disturbance that will be measured and addressed in the following chapters. Only a specific cut of meat and size was used for testing, since introducing different types of meats can change the system, resulting in unreliable data for tuning the PID controller. Finally, the theory of the PID controller will be discussed and the designed barbeque will show the implementation of a PID controller for a practical application that will ultimately make barbequing an easier process. The controllability of the barbeque depends on the complexity of the system. After, many months of testing, the data showed that the system is very complex and slow to respond to disturbances. However, after tuning the PID controller with the correct coefficients, the barbeque is stable at a reference point of 250 °F. The barbeque can be operated up to 5 hours before the igniter chamber needs to be emptied. This allows the system to barbeque any meat that can fit and requires little effort to operate. Igniting the pellets and preheating the barbeque to 200 °F, is a manual 8-10 minute process but after the warm up process the barbeque is completely autonomous. Allowing the user to wait until the internal temperature is cooked to the right temperature. Future updates will improve the run time and stability and more reference points. The final design is an outstanding launching point for the future of barbequing.
- Resource Type:
- Project
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Creator:
- Khazane, Nitish Kumar and Van Meter, Christopher William
- Description:
- This report describes the operation, design, and simulation of a comparator and an integrator for a Dynamic Offset Test Bench (DOTB) in 0.18µm CMOS. The DOTB is used to accurately measure the effective input offset voltage for a high-speed latching comparator, including both static effects such as device mismatches and dynamic effects such as capacitive coupling and charge injection. The DOTB consists of a charge pump used as an integrator in a negative feedback loop placed around the comparator being tested, together with some associated control and test circuits. The design of the comparator and integrator are discussed in this report, and simulation results are included across process, supply voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. Cadence Virtuoso was used for schematic capture and the Mentor Graphics Eldo Spice simulator was used for all circuit simulations.
- Resource Type:
- Project
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Creator:
- Ilori, Adedamola
- Description:
- Solar generation is the generation and manipulation of solar energy, through photovoltaic cells in solar panels. The use of photovoltaic solar panels is usually the most efficient way of storing the energy. The energy that is stored in photovoltaic panels is called solar energy. Solar energy is a form of energy that comes directly from the sun to generate electricity. Unlike other forms of electricity production, it is an unlimited source of energy when farmed at the right times during the day and does not harm our environment. For these experiments, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards were used for the testing of the panels. First, it uses the flash table to measure the load capacity and load flow of the device. Then, the panel is tested using “fake sunlight”, from a method called “Flashing”. The connected electronics will record several performance values that include the panel’s voltage generation, current flow and how much power the panel produces. Another form of testing used in the experiments is the STC test conditions. The panels are angled, and the radiator is set, so that precisely 1000 W/m2 is always hitting the glass. Then, the solar panels will be raised to their “normal operating cell temperature” of 25° C (77° F). This process helps design and sell appropriately sized systems and predict their performance accurately. Using reference manuals relevant to the project, I will create my own lab experiments and thoroughly test the panels. The testing can be marked as a success when the model is consistent with the manual. In this project, I will test and create class material for the solar powered generator, provided by Sacramento State University.
- Resource Type:
- Project
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering