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- Creator:
- O'Brien, Bernadette M.
- Description:
- In a democratic society, the news media is charged with delivering truthful, fair and unbiased news to the public it serves. This is particularly crucial during times of war, when truthful reporting is vital. An analysis of newspaper articles and editorials published in the Sacramento Bee from August 1964 through February of 1968, demonstrates that the Sacramento daily, with a few exceptions, failed to meet that responsibility in covering the Vietnam War during the relevant time frames. The Sacramento Bee from August 1964 through February of 1968, and an array of secondary sources providing an analysis of the Vietnam War and journalism. The Sacramento Bee bought the official story regarding the Vietnam War, passed it on to the public, and framed its news coverage of Vietnam within the parameters of the dominant political consensus in existence at that time. Specifically, that failure to wage war would result in the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- History
- Creator:
- Folcarelli, Anthony R.
- Description:
- During the period of 1870-1920, America was transformed into an industrial nation and elevated itself to the status of being a world power economically, politically, and militarily. With an abundance of coal and iron ore, the United States moved slowly and deliberately toward achieving self-sufficiency in the production of iron, steel, and associated products. These industries laid the foundation for a broad transformation in the manufacturing of a variety of goods. Two major forces came together to play essential partnership roles necessary for the extraordinary production of iron and steel. Private entrepreneurs organized capital to acquire and develop mines and mills. They required an abundant supply of labor in order to manage labor costs as they sought to satisfy the growing demand from America's expanding manufacturing sector. Millions of immigrants, predominantly from Southern and Eastern Europe, immigrated to the United States between 1870 and 1920, moving in large numbers into unskilled positions in these key industries. These immigrants were eager to join the industrial revolution for jobs, increased wages, and economic riches. This thesis draws on extensive primary and secondary sources to demonstrate a direct correlation in the production of iron and steel, the inflow and increase of immigrant labor, and the rise of production. Immigrant laborers and entrepreneurs in the mining and steel industries established a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship that served the economic needs of each.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- History
- Creator:
- Garrett, Gary E.
- Description:
- In the bloody history of the conflict between North American Whites and Indians, California's chapter stands forth as epic in its description of the savage cruelty perpetrated against the Indian population. Referring to California, one early twentieth century historian stated, "Without an exception on the American continent there is no area in which the native population has so suddenly and generally diminished." It is also true that there is more written about the North American Indian than about any other aboriginal group in the world. Yet when one seeks a history of the fatal clash between the Whites and the Indians in California, one searches in vain, for accounts of this conflict are virtually non-existent. This paper will fill the historical gap in a limited way by focusing on the conflict between the Whites and the Indians in the Mendocino region of California. To put this story into perspective it has been necessary to include a chapter on the aboriginal population of California to show the magnitude of the "Indian Question" and a chapter on the reservation system, since it acted as a second force in the destruction of the Indian. The number of the aboriginal population of California has been the subject of debate for half a century and has frequently been used to extrapolate the numbers of the Indian population for all of North America. A study of Indian demography also helps in small part to unravel the skein of confusion which surrounds most historians' opinions about the number of native Americans who were involved'in the White-Indian conflict. The federal policy toward the California Indian, which resulted in the first extensive reservation system on this continent, was very different from what was suggested by the political rhetoric of the day_ If one considers that its stated purpose was to protect the Indian, the reservation system in California was an abysmal failure. It was in reality a handy instrument to aid in the extermination of the native population. For this reason I have included a general discussion of the reservation system from its inception to 1860 with emphasis on the reservations in Mendocino County. The third chapter of this thesis deals exclusively with the extermination of the Indian in the Mendocino region of California between 1856 and 1860. The "fatal impact" in Mendocino was a microcosm of a dramatic and savage story which occurred throughout the state of California in the fifteen years following the gold rush. In these fifteen years Indian society in California was destroyed as a culture and its sheer physical existence was very nearly exterminated.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- History
- Creator:
- Horton, Tori Anne
- Description:
- The idea of female revolutionaries struck a particular chord of terror both during and after the French Revolution, as represented in both legislation and popular literary imagination. The level and form of female participation in the events of the Revolution varied among social classes. Female participation during the Revolution led to an overwhelming fear of women demanding and practicing democratic rights in both a nonviolent manner (petitioning for education, demanding voting rights, serving on committees), and in a violent manner (engaging in armed protest and violent striking). The terror surrounding female democratic participation was manifested in the fear of the female citizen, or citoyenne. In 1793, these apprehensions led to a severe backlash, in part due to confusion between competing images and contrasting roles of revolutionary women produced by the revolutionary government. The first image was the respectable Republican Mother calling for education and citizenship through publications, speeches, and petitions. This argument was a strong manipulation of revolutionary language; women were conceding to the biological differences between men and women and acknowledging that they were mothers, but arguing that they must be educated and involved in public life in order to educate future Republicans. The second image of women conflicted with the first; this was the more intimidating plebian woman of the streets, armed with pikes, exercising her right to vote. These conflicting and inconsistent accounts confused and alarmed many male revolutionaries to the point of the resilient backlash and crackdown on female freedoms in 1793. The legacy of women actively inserting themselves into the events of the Revolution extended into the nineteenth century across the Anglophone world. Many novels reveal the popular literary imagination in the post-revolutionary nineteenth century. Most notable was the connection of these dichotomous images of revolutionary women to the Victorian Era “Angel in the House” and the “fallen” woman, manifest notably in Charles Dickens’s Tale of Two Cities, reflecting the male anxieties of women exercising democratic liberties.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- History
- Creator:
- Jackson, Aaron James
- Description:
- Pirates are a fascinating subject, inspiring authors and filmmakers alike with dramatic and romantic tales of daring and adventure to create works of fiction like Treasure Island, Peter Pan, and Pirates of the Caribbean. Pirates have inspired historians to explore topics ranging from the pirate crews' proto-democratic organization to their role in developing world systems of trade and cultural exchange. Few, however, have examined how pirates helped to establish the great European maritime empires, which emerged from the relative backwater of sixteenth-century Europe to conquer distant lands and peoples, master global trade winds and tides, and muscle their way into every corner of the globe by the nineteenth century. Emerging theories in the discipline of world history appear to provide the most promising explanations of European ascendancy by emphasizing global systemic connections and contingencies. Systemic explorations of economic connections and commodities have provided historians with a much better understanding of the past, and this exploration of piracy fits this mold. Piracy was both a form of economic connection and commodity, particularly when defined as the use of violence to achieve economic gains. As this paper will show, Europe's maritime empires, and the British Empire in particular, traded this commodity heavily between the late-fifteenth and early-nineteenth centuries. The Early Modern Era was a bigger world than the one we occupy today. Reliant upon the trade winds and favorable seas to connect the imperial metropole with its colonies, the British Empire relied on a collection of frontiers to fuel its economic engines. In these frontiers, pirates helped build the British Empire, their crimes later justified its centralized authority and the state monopoly on violence, and their continued existence served as a laboratory for developing new methods of international power relations. In these ways and more, pirates deserve a great deal more credit and attention from scholarly circles. Unfortunately for historians, pirates rarely left detailed documents outlining their actions and motives, but Subaltern Studies methodology provides a potential solution. While researching colonial Indian peasant uprisings against the British for his 1983 book, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India, Ranajit Guha encountered difficulties in finding primary source material portraying the peasants’ perspectives, which is not surprising given that colonial Indian peasants were largely illiterate. Guha could discern their perspectives by deciphering coded language in the abundance of British documents—by reading against the grain of the biased documentary record. Similarly, the clear majority of primary source material on piracy originates from official British documents, including trial transcripts, colonial correspondence, the occasional journal entry, and contemporary literature and newspaper articles. The government sources are often biased, of course, but Guha’s methodology provides a filter to deal with source prejudice. Contemporary literature, such as the works of Daniel Dafoe or the infamous A General History of the Pyrates, is often embellished for entertainment value, making the separation of fact from fiction difficult. But cross-referencing this literature with sources less likely to be embellished allows one to sift through the chaff and acquire a contextual understanding of piracy. Finally, a wealth of secondary source material is available to assist in parsing the primary documentation. For example, Marcus Rediker’s work on the social history of outlaws and the Atlantic slave trade provides invaluable contextual information, Linda Colley’s work on captivity narratives provides insight into the victims of piracy as well as the nature of empire, K.N. Chaudhuri’s work illuminates the pre-European trade systems in the Indian Ocean that European empires and pirates alike would later prey upon, and Sven Beckert’s work provides an example of a global analysis of commodity exchange. World history methodologies provide frameworks in which to draw connections between seemingly separate areas and events to depict the bigger picture. Both pirates and empires have been the subjects of many historical studies, but few historians have sought to explore their interrelated natures in their European manifestations. Building an empire requires the use or threat of violence to establish a dominance relationship through which the empire draws upon the resources of the conquered—essentially piracy writ large. The development of the British Empire, with its mercantile foundations, was not a simple expression of force relationships from the beginning. It developed slowly, expanding more often through the efforts of its merchants than its navy, and in such an environment, the empire relied on the skills of pirates to acquire the resources and corresponding power required to become the largest and most influential maritime power to date. Exploring the roles pirates played in the development of imperial systems helps historians to better understand the nature, scope, and function of early modern structures that serve as the foundation for the modern era. Understanding how piracy shaped early modern empires, therefore, tells us a great deal about ourselves.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- History
- Creator:
- Johnson, Antoine Sterling
- Description:
- An examination of rap music's impact on African American youth from 1987-1993, referred to as hip hop's golden era.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- History
- Creator:
- Lopes, Frank Albert
- Description:
- Part of a retrospective digitization project.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- History
- Creator:
- Sault, Dean Scott
- Description:
- This thesis traces the history of the Upper American River Project (UARP) from its original conception through construction. Owned and operated by the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), the UARP is a publicly owned hydroelectric project located in the northern Sierra Nevada built between 1957 and 1971. Using institutional documents and publications, government reports, and regional newspapers, this thesis examines how post-Gold Rush era hydroelectric development and the City of Sacramento’s quest for clean drinking water ultimately led to the construction and public ownership of a series of interconnected dams, powerhouses, tunnels, penstocks, and transmission lines in the upper American River watershed. Furthermore, the creation of SMUD in 1923, its entry into the electric utility industry during the 1930s and 1940s, and a rapid increase in regional demand for electricity during the 1950s each played key roles in the UARP’s history. This thesis describes how the UARP began as an idea created within a local culture and over time within a broader social, economic, technological, and political context developed into a major power project that supported the development of Sacramento and the greater Sacramento region.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- History
- Creator:
- Lehr, Ernest Emanuel
- Description:
- For many years a two story, red brick building, popularly called the brewery, stood on Sutterville Road in Sacramento. Shortly before its destruction in 1955, the building was boarded up to prevent continued destruction by those who were coming in increasing numbers to visit the park and zoo just across the street. Curiosity as to the history of the building was unsatisfied because of a general lack of knowledge. It was the purpose of this paper to study the events which led to the establishment of this red brick building. Investigation has shown it was a part or the last serious attempt to build a city in that area. The object of this paper is to present the reasons for choosing this area for a town site, description of the efforts to build a town, explanation of the failure or the town, and a brief sketch of the history of the brewery building that was on Sutterville Road.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- History
- Creator:
- Smith, Katherine M.
- Description:
- The New Woman of the early twentieth century is primarily presented in cultural memory as two stereotypes: the flapper and the suffragist. These images are problematic largely because they are typically exclusive to the white middle-class woman of the era and they ignore the complexity of the New Woman. The New Woman was someone who sought to define her life and meaning on her own terms. She was willing to defy societal expectations that sought to restrict her to the home in order to create both a professional and personal life that was comprised of her own choices. Specifically, this thesis will focus on three women in the entertainment industry: writer Anita Loos, and performers Josephine Baker and Anna May Wong. These three women from different races and classes demonstrate the ways the New Woman navigated obstacles of sex and race to create the life she wanted. In many ways, New Womanhood represented a compromise. Women had to navigate the traditional gender norms society placed on them; however, women of color particularly carried the double burden of gender and race. In the case of both Baker and Wong, success often meant embodying racial stereotypes in order to land roles on stage or in films. Both women left the United States in order to find vi surroundings less hostile to their race. All three women found relative success in the entertainment industry—though in the United States, Loos, as a white woman—would achieve the greatest success. The entertainment industry also provided unique opportunities for these women in regards to image construction. As writers and performers, each was essentially a specialist in image construction, and deliberately crafted a public persona to convey an image of liberation and modernity, ultimately, redefining the New Woman as a cosmopolitan, trans-racial, and cultural icon.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Sacramento
- Department:
- History