Environmental temperature is a crucial environmental factor that influences many physiological functions in fishes. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are a native anadromous species that inhabit a variety of freshwater rivers and lakes and are widel . . .

To better understand the neural mechanisms for human physiology, an invertebrate’s control on its cardiovascular system should be investigated. The leech’s heartbeat is controlled by segmental ganglia and has a phase delay in its peristaltic heartbeat . . .

Chronic non-healing wounds are a growing clinical burden, impacting 6.5 million patients in the United States alone (Sen et al., 2009). A variety of cells take part in the complex process of wound healing, which includes stages such as inflammation, r . . .

San Clemente Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi) have been bred in captivity since 1991 following their listing as an endangered subspecies in 1977. For 25 years, breeding of this captive population has been managed to avoid inbreeding us . . .

Wetland ecosystems are among the most biologically productive ecosystems on Earth, yet they are being lost and degraded at an alarming rate. A growing trend to offset this loss is to construct artificial wetlands to replace the destroyed natural wetla . . .

DNA storage in the nuclei of cells is important for both compaction and the regulation of gene expression. DNA packaging is altered by chemical modifications to the tails of the histone octamer around which the DNA is wrapped, specifically histones H3 . . .

The ability to understand the neurophysiological mechanisms that influence any behavior to occur in an organism is the ultimate goal of neurobiology. Neuroscience researchers want to create a neuronal model of the human brain to know how we can produc . . .

Paralemanea is a freshwater red alga genus in the family Lemaneaceae, of which Paralemanea catenata is a member. The cues by which it regulates its triphasic sexual life history are not well known, either in terms of environmental stimuli or mechanism . . .

In 2011 Mars et. al. proposed a novel approach to identifying three different subspecies within European waters of Ulva flexuosa, (subsp. pilifera, paradoxa, and flexuosa). Their use of morphological and molecular techniques to separate each subspecie . . .

Often the first step in petitioning for a species to be listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), or for evaluating management alternatives, is to conduct a population viability analysis (PVA). A PVA is a case-by-case risk analysis used to assess . . .

A large portion of nitrogen deposition on southern California’s chaparral and coastal sage scrub (CSS) is due to anthropogenic sources. The implications of increasing soil nitrogen, and the relationship between soil nitrogen and carbon on soil microor . . .

The Brazilian savanna, locally known as the Cerrado, is a major ecosystem that covers a vast majority of central Brazil. Little is known about how woody growth within the Cerrado is affected by soil physical and chemical properties. In this study, the . . .

Most extant bear species are threatened or endangered. One of the species not endangered, the American black bear (Ursus americanus), provides a practical reproductive model that can be applied to the conservation of other ursid species, due to their . . .

Literature focusing on the reproductive mechanisms in bears is often limited and only has a narrow scope. However, with six out of eight bear species being considered threatened or endangered, it seems critical that more information about reproduction . . .

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) plays a central role in the bioenergetics of all eukaryotic cells. However, the structure of the mETC varies somewhat between plants and higher animals. Plants have a more branched mETC, providing alte . . .

Although the enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is well studied for its role in postharvest browning of commercial crops, its specific physiological function in plants is poorly understood. Previous research on the physiological role of PPO in walnut (Ju . . .

In the push to determine a means to decrease the rate of biological aging in humans, conclusions about over-the-counter use of some anti-aging drugs may be premature. Rapamycin is one drug that, while currently prescribed as an immunosuppressant for v . . .

Roads are recognized as a source of increased mortality and restricted movement among populations, and are expected to impact population connectivity. However, roads that are permeable barriers would still allow some degree of gene flow, and reduced a . . .

The tropical savanna of Brazil (cerrado) is extremely species diverse and it encompasses many different physiological features. These physiological differences are influenced by rainfall and nutrient availability in the soil. Plant litter decompositio . . .

The major objective of immunosuppressive therapy is to mitigate graft rejection while retaining the ability of the immune system to fight pathogens and repair tissue. Immunosuppressant drugs that inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling . . .