The discovery of antitoxins to both diphtheria and tetanus toxins dramatically introduced two immunological phenomena to twentieth-century science. First, biologically active molecules, such as toxins and enzymes, may have the potential to be neutr . . .

Xylem is a complex vascular tissue that performs several functions related to the growth and survival of woody plants. These functions include the transport of water, biomechanical support, and the storage of water and nutrients. Trees are large organ . . .

Sculpins of the genus Cottus are commonly found in brackish water and streams of the Pacific drainage of North America (Morris, 1961). Though common, they are infrequently encountered being small, bottom dwelling fish, rarely exceeding 1 50 mm S. . . .

Global-change-type drought has resulted in large numbers of woody plants suffering mortality in California during the most recent droughts from 2012-2018. These droughts are ecological droughts that impact ecosystems and trigger responses. The factors . . .

Sandy beaches support dynamic and diverse, but physically narrow intertidal ecosystems that are vulnerable to the effects of anthropogenic disturbance, such as coastal dredging and beach nourishment. Our study site in Morro Bay, California has been . . .

Fewer than 40% of students that pursue college degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) do not graduate with a STEM degree. The rate of college degree attainment in STEM is about 20% lower for women, people with disabiliti . . .

Invasive annual grasses of mediterranean origin dominate large areas in the arid and semi-arid regions of the San Joaquin Valley in California and create numerous management challenges. Much of the invaded habitat would be native saltbush shrub commun . . .

Bladderworts, aquatic carnivorous plants, use specialized traps (with a mouth opening of about 0.2 mm in diameter) to complete their feeding strike in less than a millisecond after the trap begins to open. Suction feeding is well understood in animals . . .

Coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever, is a re-emerging infectious disease of the American continent. Coccidioidomycosis is a respiratory disease caused by the inhalation of arthroconidia produced by the dimorphic ascomycete fungi Coccidioide . . .

In order to further investigate the presence of these antibiotic biosynthetic pathways, this study focused on ten genes and the identification of genes that code for enzymes in these antifungal and antibacterial pathways; Flagellin (hag), Mucosubtilin . . .