There exists among genetic forms the simplest self-replicating biological entity; namely, the "viruses." To define the term "virus" is not easy, for viruses cannot be defined by common-sense criteria the way animals and plants can. The term "virus" wa . . .

Considerable evidence links cumulative and sustained exposure to estrogens to breast tumor proliferation. Chemicals with estrogenic activity can bind to the estrogen receptor (ER) to affect downstream signaling of estrogen-responsive genes. Organochlo . . .

The present study- concerned the quantitative and qualitative comparison of two intertidal benthic algal floras. Data were collected from the experimental area, Ano Nuevo Point, and Pigeon Point the control area, both in San Mateo County California (F . . .

An increased interest has been shown in the exotoxins of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and their relationship to disease since 1872 when Klebs, speaking of staphylococcal infections, suggested that these organisms produce disease by means of dif . . .

Amphibians "that: breed in temporary bodies of water are confronted with problems of pool availability and larval mortality due to dessication of the breeding pools. Due to the low normal rainfall during the spring of the year, the mortality to the la . . .

Howardula okumural la the only currently recognized sphaerulariid from nitidulid beetles. Its host range Is United to Carpophilus mutilatus. Locality records for this nematode include Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, Texas, Florida and Mexico, g. okumur . . .

The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the factors which influence seed germination and seedling survival or the California Buckeye and to relate these factors to the distribution pattern. Benseler (1969) found that-most seed and seedling mo . . .

Retired farmland in the western San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California is frequently colonized by invasive plants that may limit the establishment of native flora. Limited ecophysiological data on native and invasive SJV plant species constrains scien . . .

It is the purpose of this paper to present and analyze the results obtained in neutralization studies of four bacteriophages of Bacillus pumilus. Suppositions as to the interrelations among the four bacterial viruses are presented.

Rhodoliths are free-living coralline algae that produce carbonate sediments in shallow water marine systems worldwide. Rhodalgal sediments, which result from rhodolith breakage and chemical weathering, mix together with living rhodoliths and form shal . . .

Suction feeding is a common feeding mode in macroscopic aquatic organisms and the dominant feeding mode in fish. In contrast, microscopic aquatic organisms do not use suction feeding. In fact, the smallest known suction feeders are fish larvae and bla . . .

Persister cells are a small percentage of the bacterial population (0.01-10%) that survive antibiotic therapy along with other stressors. They do this without undergoing any genetic change, only phenotypic variation. The exact mechanisms of persister . . .

The oceans, once believed infinitely vast and stable, have recently been subjected to considerable alteration from other than natural sources. The time has come when we must try to control these alterations and attempt to maintain the oceans as a natu . . .

The objective of this study was to determine the distribution and interrelationships of the fishes of the San Joaquin River drainage of the Sierra Nevada foothills, which have not been adequately checked since 1898 and 1899 (Rutter, 1908). A complete . . .

This study investigated the impact of different instructional strategies on students’ understanding about the cell cycle in a general education biology course. Although several studies have documented gains in students’ cell cycle understanding after . . .

The San Joaquin River (SJR) in California’s Central Valley represents the historical southern-most range of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). In 2006, the San Joaquin River Restoration Program (SJRRP) was created to mitigate the negative effe . . .

This study deals with the vertical conation in forage "behavior of the "bird population In a pure coniferous forest association. In addition, it is an attempt to investigate the concept that groups of organisms function in a protoplasmic manner and th . . .

Suction feeding is an important feeding mode in aquatic organisms and is used across a considerable size range, from tadpoles to whales. Our current understanding is based on how adult fish feed and suggests that suction feeding is not effective for o . . .

This study investigated the potential effects of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibiting pesticides and thyroid hormone changes from blood mercury (Hg) concentrations in western pond turtles (Emys marmorata) occupying streams in two regions of California, USA . . .

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. Research has identified several factors that play an important role in PD, and one of the factors is protein called α-synuclein.Overexpression of A30P or A53T promotes th . . .

This was the first survey in the central and southern San Joaquin Valley to identify the hard tick species present in this region. Hard tick distribution and diversity were evaluated in Fresno County and adjacent areas by (i) collection of ticks at th . . .

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a problematic gram-negative bacterium which commonly causes nosocomial infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, burn wound infections, and bacteremia. K. pneumoniae is particularly virulent due to its ability to . . .

Fish execute a C start when they escape from a predator. Previous studies suggest that fish randomize their horizontal escape trajectories, but bias the response away from the stimulus. The fewstudies that looked at the vertical trajectory found that . . .

Traditional cell culture techniques grow cells in a two-dimensional (2D) format on compatible surfaces, but cells do not grow like this in vivo. A fast-emerging alternative is three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, which encourages cells to work togethe . . .

Early sexual maturation (precocity) of male salmonids is a serious issue in the modern conservation hatchery. Previous studies have demonstrated a ‘decision window’ of time for sexual maturation for Spring-run Chinook salmon beginning in the fall, dur . . .

An earlier study on the effect of excess DL-methronine on Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 3701B when cultured on a rich medium showed that there was an inhibition of cultural development during the first 6 to 12 hours. However, a sudden and sharp incr . . .

In response to a stressor, an animal�s physiology is altered in an attempt to maintain homeostasis. Cortisol, a corticosteroid hormone that binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), has widespread actions which mediate the stress response. In an aqua . . .

In this study, substrate and water agitation of the echinoid habitat are related to the entocommensal incidence. Host species examined at Eniwetok had higher densities of entocommensal ciliates in lagoon waters than in surf waters on the fringing reef . . .

The general stress response principally results in the release of cortisol, with the overall effect of mobilizing metabolic energy and redirecting it towards homeostatic maintenance. Consequently, an important factor altered by stress is food intake. . . .

In the present study, we studied the growth characteristics of two species of green algae; Dunliella primolecta and Botryococcus braunii, in fruit industry wastewater and also studied the COD removal from wastewater by these species. We found that bot . . .

The purpose of the present study is to gain some insight into the complex of factors that create the canopy effect with emphasis on the microenvironment that is associated with the vegetative differences. Data recorded weekly included the measurement . . .

As California continues to persist in a state of severe drought, residents of the Fresno Clovis Metropolitan Area (FCMA) are slowly making changes to reduce their water usage and to be conscious of how this resource is utilized in their landscape. Sin . . .

The Endangered Species Recovery Program (ESRP) is supervising land restoration in southwest Fresno County through the federally funded Land Retirement Project. The reclaimed land is adjacent to currently farmed land, and there is grower concern that n . . .

Gregarines are parasitic protozoa belonging to the sporozoan subclass Telosporidia. They occur most often in invertebrate groups with a metameric level of development. Some, however, have been described from mollusks which do not have a metameric leve . . .

Zebrafish is an important model species to study vertebrate development. One particularly interesting aspect of fish ontogeny, which zebrafish larvae exhibit, is the high tail beat frequency up to 10 times higher than that of adult fish. Larvae theref . . .

The Goraori acetylthiocholine technique was used to investigate the distribution of cholinesterase in fourth instar larvae of Culiseta inornate (Nilliston). Fixed and especially prepared larvae were incubated in the substrate solution for the required . . .