On October 3, 2015, Governor Jerry Brown signed Assembly Bill 953 (AB953) into California law. This new legislation, titled The Racial and Identity Profiling Act of 2015, requires all police and sheriff's departments in California to, among other thin . . .

This project focuses on homelessness in Turlock, CA. Homelessness is a complex problem for the City, and was previously explored in a 2007 study by researchers from CSU Stanislaus (Garcia & Jasek-Rysdahl, 2007). That study concluded that there was muc . . .

This exploratory project focuses on homelessness in the City of Turlock, CA; a complex problem previously explored by researchers from CSU Stanislaus (Garcia & Jasek-Rysdahl, 2007). That study found much mistrust, anger, and frustration surrounding th . . .

This project focuses on homelessness in Turlock, CA. Homelessness is a complex problem for the City, and was previously explored by researchers from CSU Stanislaus (Garcia & Jasek-Rysdahl, 2007). That study concluded that there was much mistrust, ange . . .

This project focuses on homelessness in Turlock, CA. Homelessness is a complex problem for the City, and was previously explored in a 2007 study by researchers from CSU Stanislaus (Garcia & Jasek-Rysdahl, 2007). That study concluded that there was muc . . .

The problem of domestic violence its associated costs have become increasingly visible to the public. Batterer Intervention Program data were originally collected and analyzed for program evaluation by the California State University at Stanislaus . . .

Despite continuing efforts to improve body armor performance and increase its usage, there has been limited research focusing on police officers who have survived a real life-threatening incident while wearing a body armor. This study used a qualitati . . .

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between misanthropy and criminal behavior including the relationship between misanthropy and crime by sex. Method: This study uses data collected from a self-report survey adminis . . .

This study investigated the question of whether the legal carrying of concealed handguns by licensed citizens reduces violent crime. Rational choice theory provided the context for the study’s basic premise that a prevalence of concealed carry license . . .

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a correlation existed between a city’s DUI rate and DUI Crash rate. The author’s hypothesis was that an increase in DUI arrest rate would lead to a decrease in DUI-related collisions. Arrest data, cra . . .

This study analyzed the daily incidents of domestic and simple battery in the city of Sacramento with respect to temperature for the years 2005 to 2009. Cases of domestic and simple battery reported to the Sacramento Police Department were incorporate . . .

Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) A General Theory of Crime posits that the absence of self-control influences crime and deviance. Since its publication, there has been a substantial amount of inquiry supporting the proposition; yet no empirical work h . . .

Previous research has shown that the law enforcement occupation is a dangerous profession that has the highest violent victimization rate in the United States (Fridell, Faggiani, Taylor, Brito, & Kubu, 2009). This descriptive study aims to add to the . . .

My role in this research study was to code and input data gathered from the Modesto Police Department (MPD) survey. The goal of the MPD survey was to describe interactions with Modesto residents and Modesto Police Officers. The research study focused . . .

The overall purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of inmate suicide and preventative methods that are practiced among correctional facilities. This study discusses contributing factors of inmate suicide, risk factors among inmates, . . .

This study looked at marijuana use among college students and if peer influence had an effect on an individual’s use of recreational marijuana. This study used a convenience sample of 206 college students that were attending California State Universit . . .

This research focuses on the media portrayal of honor killings in Iran. The thesis explains what honor is and why some kill women in order to keep it protected. Secondary analysis differs from approaches that seek to critically assess theory; methods . . .

The topic of this study is how different demographics and crime rates in police beats differ in their perceptions of interactions with Modesto, California police officers. The research questions for this study are: Do citizens of Modesto, California d . . .

This study focuses on whether the immersion in communication technologies plays a central role in the lives of people born after 1984, and whether people born after 1984 text while driving more than those born before 1984. The sample is made up of 181 . . .

This study analyzed pre and post natural disaster index crime rates in the city of Houston, Texas with using Hurricane Alex occurring in 2010. The data used are the crime rates from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2010. Hurricane Alex was a category 2 . . .

Civilian review boards can benefit not only an individual complainant, but also the surrounding community at large and law enforcement agencies across the country. The diminutive amount of existing research conducted on civilian review boards has focu . . .

Communications Training Officers (CTOs) within the 24 California Highway Patrol state-wide Communications Centers (CC) currently lack a comprehensive training guide which provides a roadmap to guide them and enhance their ability to assess and accurat . . .

Often the perceptions students have towards concealed carry differ in a variety of cases especially males’ and females’ opinions (Doubleday, 2013; Gius, 2018; Jang, Dierenfeldt, & Lee, 2014). Few studies have explored if one's gender had any signi . . .

This project examines the concept of community policing and how it has influenced contemporary law enforcement agencies. While the term community policing has been used often in literature, the concept is somewhat nebulous. The various definitions of . . .

There is no single universal definition of the terms stalking and cyberstalking as these terms vary in legal, social and academic meaning. This study aims to determine which behaviors are most commonly considered stalking and cyberstalking, based on s . . .

The relationship between immigration and crime has long been a topic of interest among scholars. Much of the research has focused on black and Latino populations in an attempt to explain racial segregation and crime in American cities. The present stu . . .

Intimate partner homicides (IPH’s) have been decreasing in the United States for the last four decades. There has been considerable research into the reasons for this decline. All the evidence has lead researchers to focus on a few key areas including . . .

The purpose of this research was to gauge the knowledge and perceptions of Megan’s Law among pre-criminal justice lower division students and criminal justice upper division students enrolled at Sacramento State University. Using a simple random sampl . . .

Court ordered community service is a severely under researched correctional option. Previous findings from the literature show that sociodemographic factors influence recidivism, offenders’ willingness to serve alternative sanctions, and the type of w . . .

Public defenders being equally effective at gaining acquittals for defendants when compared to private counsel has allowed for an assumption that the public defender, and the promise made in Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), is working. But what does this . . .

One of the major goals of this study was to determine how well reserves perform in a highly intense and complex environment, while having a limited amount of time available to gain necessary skills and build a sufficient knowledge base. Data establish . . .

The autonomy of law enforcement has been addressed by the development of civilian oversight agencies/entities. These agencies aim to provide accountability of law enforcement through civilian review of police policies, independent civilian investigati . . .

Crips and Bloods-traditional gangs whose mere names conjure up fearful images of violence and destruction-are no longer at the forefront of the gang reality in Sacramento. Instead, influenced by the Bay Area-based rap music subculture of Hyphy, gangs . . .

The use of physical restraint in order to control violent or aggressive adolescents and adults continues to be practiced widely throughout various agencies, as it has for many years. Historically the use of physical restraint in educational settings h . . .

The media plays an important role in presenting information to the public concerning correctional officers and labor relations. The CCPOA is the largest and most powerful correctional officers union in California and has frequently been reported on by . . .

Criminology seeks to offer ways to understand crime and to define criminal acts and system restitution. Is there a way in which it can be sufficiently applied in analyzing state crimes, crimes against humanity, and in specific the incidences of tortur . . .

Following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush responded by declaring a global war on terrorism (GWOT). As part of the GWOT, the United States launched two military invasions against Afghanistan and Iraq, which have in . . .

The purpose of this study is to understand how advocates perceive their job in relation to meeting and fighting for the standards of the Mental Health Services Act that was enacted in 2004 with the passage of Proposition 63. The research questions for . . .

The advent of technology inherently creates problems as much as it lends efficiency, and unfortunately, the internet plays a pivotal role in a few of the major problems it has created. Current research reveals possible connections between social netwo . . .

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of violence in the religion of Islam from historical and theological perspectives. Today there is a general assumption that the religion of Islam has been “hijacked” by minority groups of militant rad . . .

Statement of Problem The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of Kraska et al.’s theory that SWAT teams expanded across the United States because they embodied a militaristic entity that gave an impression of an elite status symbol. The s . . .

The terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001 confirmed that the terrorist prevention methods in place at that time had failed, and a change was necessary. One explanation for this failure is a lack of necessary information sharing between the agencie . . .

There are many different variables that affect a future criminal offender; however, one factor that is consistent in the research is the importance of family variables and the likelihood they have on the development of delinquency. This study focused . . .

Previous research has discovered that certain risk factors are associated with domestic violence victimization, including age, drug and alcohol abuse, prior incidents of victimization, the presence of children, and pregnancy; race and relationship sta . . .

A gap remains in research regarding public perception of the consequences of drinking and driving. Using perceptual deterrence research, this study aimed to narrow this gap by exploring the subjects’ perceptions of the legal and non-legal consequences . . .

With the problem of identity theft presenting a significant challenge to modern law enforcement and considering the impact this crime has had as on individual consumers, as well as on the field of criminal justice in general, it is not surprising that . . .

Citizens in America are nine times more likely to fall victim to a property crime as compared to personal crimes where there is a physical victimization. Property crime constitutes a majority of all victimization, placing a research emphasis on proper . . .

This study focuses on the positive utility of extant ‘real-life’ situations as they are portrayed on television. In order to explore the viability of TV portrayals as pedagogical tools, the popular show Orange is the New Black was selected for its rel . . .

The purpose of this research is to explore factors that explain how ethnic identity and culture conflict is shaped and developed within a group of Mexican-American men living in Sacramento, California. These factors include: Personal (Individual risk . . .

The purpose of this research was to gauge the knowledge and beliefs about the topic of deception among criminal justice lower division students and criminal justice upper division students enrolled at California State University, Sacramento during the . . .

Given technological advancements and the increased sophistication of criminal enterprises, the federal government has had to adjust its tactics and electronic surveillance practices to detect and disrupt criminal activities. Throughout the 1900s, evol . . .

A survey was distributed to a total of 381 undergraduate criminal justice students at California State University, Sacramento during the Spring 2013 semester. The student participants were enrolled in either CrJ 4 or 190 in order to compare the respon . . .

An alienated street-culture exists in the inner-city and has rules regarding respect, violence, retaliation, the drug trade, staging areas, families, the mating game, and hope, i.e., ‘a code of the street’ (Anderson, 1999). These rules are themes that . . .

The purpose of this research was to determine if police culture impacts officer wellness by inhibiting officers from seeking assistance and/or maintaining wellness throughout their career. Using self-selected volunteers at a county sheriff’s departmen . . .

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to crime on college and university campuses, especially sexual assaults of women on college campuses. Studies widely acknowledge that college-age students experience sexual victimization. This study . . .

Media content heavily relies on crime reporting, which continues to be of great interest to the public. Over the years, the topics of mental health and gun control have received considerable attention by the media in relation to crime. Specifically, r . . .

Domestic violence impacts persons from all walks of life, however, it has been estimated that African Americans experience a disproportionate amount of intimate partner violence (IPV) when compared to other racial groups. This study will differ by ana . . .

Current research on elder abuse focuses particularly on the risk factors, criminal justice response, definitions of elder abuse, and types of elder abuse. Few research studies focus on how race of the victim can impact the type of abuse they are likel . . .

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Sacramento-based batterer intervention program ManAlive. In doing so, the study looked at non-identifiable participant data from the years 2015 to 2017. The dataset consisted of participants’ age, referral . . .

Deaths in custody are increasing every year in the United States. Few studies have thoroughly researched the effects national and state laws have on deaths in custody. This study evaluated the different categories of the deaths in custody reports subm . . .

Due to the scarcity of serial murderers and therefore new data being gathered about them, serial homicide is limited in data. The unsolved serial homicide case of the East Area Rapist/Original Night Stalker was compared with the solved serial homicide . . .

Over the past fifty years, the world has witnessed an increase in the perpetration of suicide terrorism and with it, the gradual increase in the utilization of female suicide bombers. Prior literature suggests that female suicide bombers are more leth . . .

The victim offender mediation (VOM) process of restorative justice is a rare program option among other publicly funded traditional justice offerings in California. VOM has proven to be practice successful around the world and this research exams whet . . .

Extant literature distinguishes the processes of deterrence by referencing two distinct populations, either the general public or the punished offender. Stafford and Warr (1993), however, assert that these distinctions limit the various experiences in . . .

Terrorist organizations promote their cause through violence by executing attacks that result in mass casualties. Recently, terrorist organizations started to encourage the lone wolf method. Due to the change in tactics, the difference in violence bet . . .

The purpose of this research is to examine how ethnic identity (which includes, cultural, familial, and national elements, among others) is shaped within a subgroup of young Hmong men in a mid-sized city in California. The study employs in-depth, semi . . .

Among mental illnesses in the prison population, Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is one of the most prevalent disorders. For effective offender rehabilitation, it is necessary to research mental disorders, particularly APD, in the criminal justi . . .

Over the years, policymakers have struggled to offer adequate mental health services and treatment to those who suffer from a mental illness. Those who are diagnosed with a mental illness, tend to be legally involved with the criminal justice system. . . .

Inquiries into the accountability process have demonstrated that a variety of factors affect perceptions of law enforcement. Few studies, however, have investigated the relationship between media, sensationalism, and perceptions. Thus, a sample of Cal . . .

Thorough research has determined that police attitudes towards mental-health consumers have shifted through the past few decades. After collecting data from peer reviewed articles, multiple textbooks, and some government documents, a prevalent theme s . . .

Policymakers have struggled with how to reduce the prevalence of unintentional shootings for decades. Sadly, the people who are affected by unintentional shootings are often minors. In attempts to address this issue, policymakers in a variety of state . . .

Statement of Problem: White collar crime is perceived as less serious than more conventional street crimes because of their covert nature, however differences in this perception do occur when analyzing for variations between respondents. Gender has be . . .

Healthcare and legal professionals continue to explore varying risk factors and rationale for child maltreatment to highlight the ongoing cycle of violence and establish preventative measures. However, research documenting significant relationships am . . .

Victims of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) regularly experience a range of negative effects following their violent experiences. Thus, this study sought to determine the affects IPV has on its victims. Specifically, this research focused on victims' f . . .

Within the last few decades, community supervision has expanded enormously within the United States, with evidence-based practice at the forefront of achieving correctional goals. However, fewer studies have examined federal probation programs in this . . .

African American students are disproportionately suspended at a higher rate than their White counterparts. Most suspensions are a result of teachers not being able to communicate effectively with students of other cultures. This breakdown in communica . . .

This process assesses the needs of female juvenile delinquents, as well as examines current programs that have been implemented and are aimed specifically at helping female offenders become rehabilitated.

The purpose behind the creation of the California Workers’ Compensation Investigator Reference Manual is to compile important laws, regulations, websites and training information into one central place for the investigator. This type of a reference ma . . .

The Department of Justice (DOJ) Facilities Protection Unit (FPU) Training Manual is intended for the security officers assigned to the unit. The manual sets forth the guidelines and job duties, which govern the FPU security officers. Section topics ar . . .

Sex crimes are an increasing phenomena that are changing society on many levels. Research exploring the statistics of reported sexual abuse has often led to a misconception of what an abuser is and what types of victims are susceptible to the abuse. T . . .

The welfare reform legislation of the 1990’s was implemented with the goal of ending long-term reliance on human assistance programs by encouraging self-sufficiency. The passing of the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation A . . .

Financial crimes against the elderly are social ailments recognized by law enforcement agencies, social services agencies and the general population. The ramifications of these crimes, however, are not clearly understood. Further research is required . . .

The purpose of this project is to examine Nemalo County (a pseudonym) Probation Department line staffs' opinions regarding the implementation of the Juvenile Strategy for Success (JSS, a pseudonym) tool. Specifically, this project sought staffs' opini . . .

Juvenile gangs pose a significant problem for citizens and criminal justice personnel. The contemporary societal reaction to juvenile gangs relies on law enforcement's suppression abilities and the housing capacities of correctional institutions. Thes . . .

The Vacaville Police Department’s Crime Suppression Team’s primary focus is on gang intelligence and the suppression of gang-related crime. An updated training manual for the Crime Suppression Team will allow a more effective means to suppress gang-re . . .

A wave of juvenile diversion programs have been implemented in California cities in recent decades. Adapting a model from the Vacaville Police Department, which was originally developed in San Diego County, the project presents a model of juvenile div . . .

Our country is still in the early stages of the 21st century where technology is advancing on a daily basis allowing the threat of terrorism, both domestic and foreign, to pose a serious risk to both its citizens and its assets if not addressed soon. . . .

Intimate partner violence poses a serious health risk to millions of women and children every year. In 2000, over 1,000 women were killed by an intimate partner (U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2003). Research suggests that i . . .

There is an urgent need to better understand the special population subgroup of offenders within our correctional institutions. These individuals are sex offenders, security threat groups or gangs, women, mentally ill, and geriatric offenders. Each ye . . .

Criminal Justice is a vastly expanding field of study that has found prominence in the majority of America’s schools of higher learning since its beginning in 1916. Although it has generally been accepted as an interdisciplinary field of study in rece . . .

Youth of color have been overrepresented throughout the juvenile justice system for decades. Despite being the focus of Congressional legislation, juvenile justice coalition and advocate reports, and state and local jurisdictional reform efforts this . . .

This project explores the Sacramento County Probation Department Placement Division’s Deputy Probation Officers’ job duties and role by utilizing a non-probability convenience sampling technique and department documents to learn about the daily functi . . .

The area of criminal justice education is constantly expanding, from the early informal training in American police departments to the passage of the 1968 Law Enforcement Education Program. The next step in criminal justice education is the integratio . . .

Police use of force policies are controversial and under constant public scrutiny. New technology allows police departments to increase their range force options, but also allows criminals to commit more crimes with less visibility. Currently, white-c . . .

Statement of Problem Children suffer from head injury and traumatic brain injury due to the many sports and activities in which they participate, which in many cases causes severe impairment or death. The problem is that when juveniles are arrested, t . . .

With the implementation of Public Safety Realignment (AB 109), California counties experienced a great influx of high-risk offenders diverted from the state prison system. Due to the current fiscal climate of California, these high-risk offenders ente . . .

The Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation, and Verification (ACE-V) examination method is the current methodology used in forensic identification by latent print examiners. Law enforcement agencies use ACE-V as their preferred examination method as a way t . . .

Mentally ill women are the largest growing inmate population, have high recidivism rates, and have different needs than their male counterparts. This group is grossly under-represented in the literature and requires more attention. This Community Reso . . .

This project compares the Roseville Police Department (RPD) Juvenile Diversion Program against the principles of effective correctional intervention. Additionally, the project examined recidivism rates among program participants. Research on diversion . . .

Several interrelated factors over the last few decades have contributed to an increasing number of encounters between law enforcement and people with mental illness. The problem with these encounters is that law enforcement is usually requested becaus . . .