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- Creator:
- Erica Walker
- Description:
- In everyday life, consciousness appears to be insulated from external control. Processes such as decision making seem voluntary. However, recent theories propose that consciousness operates automatically in a manner resembling a reflex. To investigate the boundary conditions of involuntary processes, the Reflexive Imagery Task (RIT) has been employed to elicit and measure the involuntary entry of contents into consciousness. The current study sought to extend the RIT to attention, while pairing the behavioral measures of the task with electroencephalography (EEG). By manipulating perceptual load and the duration of the presentation of stimuli, we observed decreased frequency and increased latency of involuntary cognitions for stimuli presented for brief durations (90 ms) in comparison to stimuli presented for long durations (10 s). Alpha power reflected subjects’ reports of involuntary cognitions, such that alpha power was significantly lower in the 10 second condition in comparison to the conditions with brief stimuli durations. These findings suggest that environmental content can directly affect how attention is allocated to external stimuli. That the cognitions were involuntary supports the view that attention could also operate reflexively under certain circumstances. This is consistent with a contemporary framework that construes attention as an effect, rather than as a cause, of processing. These findings have implications for many areas of research concerned with high-level cognitive control, including models of attention and action selection.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- San Francisco
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Alexander J. Cook
- Description:
- Stimulus-driven capture of attention has been used extensively in visual search tasks to examine the automatic deployment of attention. Few studies have examined the attention capture ability of salient singletons when the task requires the participant to not attend to anything. In these studies, involving a variant of the Reflexive Imagery Task, participants were presented with an array of six objects and instructed to not think of the name (subvocalize) of any of the objects presented. In Study 1, another condition instructed participants to subvocalize the name of any of the objects. On half of the critical trials, one object was presented in a color that differed from that of all the other objects (the Singleton condition). In this condition, the subvocalization was for the critical stimulus on a high proportion of the trials for both the voluntary and involuntary conditions. Study 2 included conjunction trials which contained target stimuli defined by two features (color and motion). The attention capture effect was not observed for the conjunction trials, but it was enhanced for trials with a flashing singleton. These results provide evidence that the visual saliency of an object influences which representations enter into consciousness, regardless of whether one intends to attend to the object or not. This finding has implications for advertising and the design of user interfaces.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- San Francisco
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Vahle, Laura
- Description:
- Incest is underdiagnosed in the clinical setting. Clinicians often assign non-incest diagnoses based on symptomatology that is secondary to the underlying primary problem which is the impact of the externally induced trauma, incest. Another aspect of this underdiagnosis lies in the clinical setting in which the victim is examined. In this setting, her symptomatology is out of the context which gave rise to it and is therefore misinterpreted. A diagnosis of incest based on the same symptomatology would "make sense" if placed in the context of her family structure. Family patterns characteristic of paternal incest have been identified and used as the basis for a preliminary instrument for the identification of incest.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Johnson, Kelly M.
- Description:
- In order to generalize the results of stereotyping and discrimination studies to intergroup situations, it is important to attempt to examine simultaneously the many individual variables that have been implicated in this process. Three of these variables are affect, group categorization and self-esteem. Affect is known to influence intergroup perceptions, yet anger has received very little attention in studies on affect and intergroup relations. Minimal group paradigm studies have shown that participants perceive themselves as group members even though group divisions are based upon insignificant criteria, more so when divisions are based upon more salient features. Further, the more an individual identifies with his or her ingroup, the greater the ingroup favoritism. Self-esteem has also been implicated in intergroup perceptions: it appears to both influence and be influenced by stereotyping and discrimination. Further, self-esteem levels are differentially associated with intergroup bias: individuals with high self-esteem tend to use direct methods of bias and those with low self-esteem tend to use indirect methods of bias. In the following experiment, the researcher manipulated affect (induced anger versus a neutral mood) and group categorization based upon similar (dot estimation capabilities) or non-similar characteristics (no participant characteristics). Self-esteem was measured at the beginning and the end of the experiment to examine its relationship to the other variables. Stereotyping was examined through participants' 1) evaluative ratings of personality traits of in-and outgroup members; and 2) perception of variability of in-and out group members' personality traits. Discrimination was examined through participants' recall of previously-stated in-and out group behaviors. This measure is intended to reveal indirect bias. Ingroup identity was gauged through participants' perceived similarity to their ingroup. As hypothesized, significant ingroup favoritism was found on all dependent variables. Regardless of condition, the ingroup received more positive trait ratings, was perceived as more variable, and was more favorably remembered relative to the outgroup. In line with expectations, neutral mood participants and high self-esteem participants rated in-and outgroup personality traits higher than did angry or low self-esteem participants. Unexpectedly, there was no main effect of affect or self-esteem on discrimination. Expectations of greater intergroup bias (difference between ingroup and outgroup evaluations in favor of the ingroup) in trait ratings by angry, as compared to neutral participants, did not materialize. While predicted interactions between self-esteem and the group rated were not significant, implications for future research are promising. The predicted trends materialized for angry subjects only indicating that anger and self-esteem may combine to differentially influence how an individual expresses intergroup bias. Individuals with high self-esteem showed an expected, but non-significant trend towards greater ingroup identity than did those with low self-esteem. Contrary to expectations, affect did not influence ingroup identity. As predicted, stereotyping and discrimination did not influence self-esteem. Categorization was omitted from analysis since the manipulation check indicated the manipulation had failed.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Baserga, Victor
- Description:
- California has about 565,000 residents incarcerated in local jails, state/federal prisons, juvenile detentions, or under involuntary supervision. The latter comprises 90,000 formerly incarcerated persons on parole and another 236,000 on probation. Incarcerated persons experience significant challenges of managing and coping with long-term incarceration. Some survive prison by adopting risky behavior, while others find a middle ground by developing positive behavior through education and self-help programs. Because of these variant social-psychological pathways of incarcerated citizens, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of recidivism before release and while on parole. In this mixed methods study, we investigate the mechanisms that drive low recidivism rates among paroled lifers. We aim to answer the following: 1)Why do paroled lifers recidivate in significantly lower rates than other returning citizens?, 2) Is the aging-out phenomena solely responsible for the lower recidivism rate?, 3) To what extent do resiliency, education, and self-development programs contribute to the lower recidivism rates?
- Resource Type:
- Abstract
- Campus Tesim:
- Pomona
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Phan, Tammy
- Description:
- Loot boxes are purchasable items in video games that are consistent with items of randomized rarity. Current studies on loot boxes have only covered the possible effects of loot boxes and habitual gambling. However, my work explores how loot boxes affect virtual economies and player experience. As many games have integrated loot boxes into their core gameplay, loot boxes have also helped establish virtual marketplaces that allow players to sell and purchase items. The purchasable items on these online markets can vary in rarity and are bought by using in-game currency that gamers can eventually work towards. Gamers engage with this economy by grinding, which may be viewed as labor; players can spend hours trying to obtain enough materials to purchase items on the market to become more viable within the game. Without access to rarer materials, players who do not indulge in loot boxes are at a disadvantage, having to play longer and to reach the same levels as people who spend money. Contributing to economic anthropological theories of commodity and gift exchange through virtual ethnography, this paper will look into divisions of statuses among gamers based on the differences in Free to Players versus those who pay for loot boxes.
- Resource Type:
- Abstract
- Campus Tesim:
- Pomona
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Shahrokhshahi, Rita
- Description:
- Purpose of the Study: This thesis examines the patriarchal wounding of my Slavic mother line and follows the healing journey I took to transform wounds to enrich my self-identity in my pursuit toward wholeness Procedure: My study follows the motherline. The motherline is the maternal lineage of a woman backward through the generations. I explored the wounding of my motherline by using an autoethnographical narrative. Autoethnography is an autobiographical form of qualitative research that uses self reflection to explore personal stories and experiences within a cultural context. I used self-reflection to aid my stories and employed a Jungian psychological framework. Through the myth of Inanna, I embarked upon a metaphorical descent and met the dark goddess Ereshkigal. I relied on depth techniques to track and interpret my dreams, guide my active imaginations, and create spontaneous healing rituals. I made a pilgrimage to Montenegro to further assist my inquiries and overall depth experience. Findings: I found that healing occurs in the reflective process of sharing my journey of personal and cultural wounding. Healing is not a means to an end but is rather an ongoing process toward a quest to achieve wholeness. I found that my personal female individuation process is a continuous stream of engaging with the rhythms of life, death, and rebirth as a continuous cycle in my developmental pattern. My mother line wounds provided deep layers of meaningful experiences to happen that continue to offer value for me to expand my quest toward wholeness. Conclusions: Suffering from personal wounds affords the opportunity to examine the soul through a process of individuation. The connection with the motherline and one's cultural lineage is a way to further understand self and create wholeness. For women, the sacred feminine is a source for greater meaning. In the quest toward female individuation, a goddess-centered spirituality is an opening to assist the exploration of vast realms and qualities that lives inside every woman.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Sonoma
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Radclyffe, Renee C.
- Description:
- Purpose of the Study: This study is an attempt to validate the importance of integrating women's issues into traditional psychology classes at a college level. Psychology, for the most part, had ignored, trivialized, and/or negated women's life experiences. All too often women are viewed as mentally unhealthy or incapable of maturing fully because of the standards set by society and by those in the psychological profession. Because of such stereotypical sex-role attitudes, it is most important to examine why such attitudes exist and to examine their origins. Procedure: I have researched two areas of female psychology: first, Freudian and feminist psychology, and second, looking at women psychologists whose contributions to the development of modern psychology have been deleted from current psychology textbooks. In part one, using literature primarily from feminist books, I chose to explore several of Sigmund Freud's concepts on female sexuality: penis envy, masochism, vaginal versus clitorial orgasm because such concepts appear to be, in part, correlated with the oppression of women. I have also commented on other Freudian theorists, and others who "broke away" from Freud's circle. In part two, I have reviewed psychology textbooks to confirm the absence of women and their contributions and have researched other feminist books to find the history of women psychologists. Findings and Conclusions: With the development of modern psychology, an attitude surfaced that still exists today, and that is that mentally healthy women are those who adhere to sex-role expectations in our society. Freud, for example, once described feminists as women who had a desire to be men. I have often heard men comment that feminists are trying to be like men or that they are dykes or castrating bitches. Because of feminist therapy, many women are challenging such attitudes by learning to understand social conditioning rather than by internalizing such conditioning that has made women feel inferior and mentally unhealthy. As students of psychology, men and women have been taught that women have not been influential in the development of modern psychology. Current textbooks in the history of psychology ignore or trivialize women's contributions. Through extensive and exhausting research, I was able to find information about many women psychologists who have now been deleted from textbooks. The integration of such information is vital to the education of today's students. While women's studies classes have attempted to fill this void, many male students and instructors believe such classes are not pertinent. this research project argues that, until textbooks are revised to include the female half of psychology, it is essential that instructors take the time to find material on women psychologists and on more positive images of female psychology and incorporate it into their lectures and reading materials.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Sonoma
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Steiger, Laura L.
- Description:
- Construct accessibility has been found to play an important role in the interpretation of social information. Even when a construct is primed implicitly it has been proven to have a temporary effect on person perception. The present experiment examined the effects of increasing the construct accessibility for the traits of friendliness and hostility on social perception. The interaction of these two trait categories with person perception and gender was also investigated. Subjects performed a task in which they were unknowingly exposed to either 0%, 20%, or 80% friendly or hostile words. Next, subjects read a behavioral description that was ambiguously related to both hostility and friendliness, and rated the stimulus person on several trait scales. Although there were no significant priming effects in the experimental condition, two separate experiments indicate that effects would have been found had the exposure time during the priming task been slower. There was a significant gender difference in the hostility rating of the behavioral description across conditions; the implications of this are discussed.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Guzman, Isabel Pacheco
- Description:
- The purpose of this study is to examine group differences in attachment styles and relationship functioning among individuals with high and low psychopathic traits. It was hypothesized that individuals with high psychopathic traits would report greater incidence of dismissing attachment and a lower incidence of secure attachment, relationship satisfaction, and relational-anxiety as compared with individuals with low psychopathic traits. It was also hypothesized that high psychopathic traits will have greater negative associations with secure attachment, preoccupied attachment, fearful attachment, relationship satisfaction, and relational-anxiety, as well as a greater positive association with dismissing attachment as compared to lower levels of psychopathic traits. Procedures included recruitment of 117 undergraduate students and administration of several self-report measures. The high psychopathy group reported greater incidence of fearful attachment while the low psychopathy group reported greater incidence of secure attachment and relationship satisfaction. No significant group differences were found in relationships between psychopathy, attachment, relationship satisfaction, and relational-anxiety. Clinical implications are discussed.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Ruzicka, Alyssa L.
- Description:
- Cognitive workload theories typically assume linear additive impacts on performance as cognitive workload increases (O'Donnell & Eggemeier, 1986; Tsang & Wilson, 1997). Meanwhile, current trends suggest inclusion of variability analysis may be of benefit (Balota & Spieler, 1999; Brown & Heathcote, 2003; Van Zandt, 2002). The first study replicates Cooper and Shepard's mental rotation study (1973), confirming that mean response times shift in the analysis of variance (ANOVA), but that significant variability changes are also present. The second study adds a grouped-response dual tone discrimination task, revealing similar trends in means shifts and further significant increases in variability as difficulty rises. Implications for the development and analysis of cognitive theories of cognitive workload are discussed.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Sweo, Robert Edward
- Description:
- This study was conducted to determine the effect of hand used and input task on input device selection. Forty-two right handed subjects were tested on both hands, across three input tasks: selection, position and orientation. Input device was used as a between subjects variable with an equal number of subjects carrying out the tasks with a mechanical mouse, trackball or graphics tablet. Of the three input devices tested in this experiment the graphics tablet allowed the fastest data entry. Performance on the graphics tablet was equal to or better than either the mouse or trackball on every task with either hand. Performance with the trackball and mouse was nearly equal on all the tasks, with either hand. Methodological limitations in this study made it difficult to assess the effects of hand used on input device. Further investigation is necessary before any firm conclusions can be reached. The variable that measured which direction the subject had to look from the target object to find the test object (horizontal, vertical or diagonal) entered into a three way interaction with hand and input device on the selection task. Analysis of the data showed most of the difference occurred in the left hand results. The left hand trackball users did equally well in each direction, while the mouse users did best on diagonal movements, worst on vertical and the graphics tablet users did best on horizontal movements but showed no difference for diagonal or vertical movements. The implications and limitations of this studies results are discussed and recommendations for future research are made.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Hirsch, Haim Daniel
- Description:
- To determine how trust is affected by an interface containing the anthropomorphic representation of an intelligent agent, 593 visitors to a popular automotive Web site were surveyed on their use of an online agent-like system. The type of Personification (plain text-only, text with an icon representing the agent, text with an icon and a biography about the agent) and Message Style (Structured and Anthropomorphic) were manipulated. A significant interaction was found for all three derived factors: Decision Support, F(2, 587) = 5.79, p ? .01; Implicit Trust, F(2, 587) = 6.08, p ? .01; and System Competence, F(2, 587) = 3.29, p ? .05. The lack of main effects indicates that simple manipulations may not have the large impact typically assumed in the literature. Interface Designers wishing to enhance the acceptance of systems that include intelligent agents should ensure that the anthropomorphic characteristics as a whole, including the communication style and visual representation, should form a strongly cohesive and consistent presentation to the user.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- David, Suzanne R.
- Description:
- The effect of database linking structure on complex search task performance was examined. Database structure was either hierarchical only or hierarchical with added relational links (mixed structure). Participants were asked to provide answers to five complex task scenarios, using one of two versions of a large, unfamiliar database. Participants also completed a questionnaire about their subjective ratings and comments about the database. The results indicated that the mixed structure facilitated better performance with respect to time for task completion and number of information and menu screens visited. No significant difference was found for accuracy/ completeness of response. Likewise, no significant difference was found with respect to subjective satisfaction or cognitive/navigational disorientation. The results appear to support the position that properly implemented relational links aid users in information search tasks.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Balderrama, Joe O.
- Description:
- This study examined the effects of explicit warning salience on perceived risk. The design was a 4 X 6 mixed factorial. The between-subjects variable was warning label type. Its 4 levels were reactive pictogram plus text, proactive pictogram plus text, text only, and control. Reactive pictograms showed vivid injuries, and proactive pictograms showed protective behaviors. Hazard type was the within-subjects variable. Its 6 levels were bum, acid, inhalation, crush, eye projectile, and laceration. Subjects were presented with scenarios and then asked to rate warning labels. The 5 dependent measures were ratings on perceived level of hazard, level of caution, severity of injury, likelihood of injury, and susceptibility of injury. Compared to text only warnings, reactive warnings were perceived with greater risk than proactive warnings. However, the most interesting results are how certain hazard types were already perceived with a high degree of hazard regardless of the warning label type.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Nguyen, Paul
- Description:
- Understanding group dynamics is important in order to enhance and maintain performance of work-teams. The purpose of this thesis is to examine factors related to social loafing and social facilitation and how such factors hinder and promote teamwork. One hundred seventy-five undergraduate students were randomly assigned to perform a task in one of two conditions: alone or with a partner in a dyad. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Kakos, Bernadette
- Description:
- There is very little literature available regarding the relationship between neuropsychological functioning of a patient with cognitive impairment and his/her caregiver's leyel of stress or burden. The purpose of the present study was to examine the burden caregiyer's of patients with cognitive impairment experience as a function of the patient�s neuropsychological test scores and their functional abilities. Methods: Twenty-nine patients with mild cognitive impairment were recruited from community hospitals and clinics in the Los Angeles area. Patients were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery designed to assess the following cognitive domains: memory, attention, and information processing speed. The patients were also administered an observation based activities of daily living test which assess seven different areas of functioning, including ability to shop, grooming, carry out financial tasks, communication and understanding of transportation rules. Twenty-nine caregivers of the patients were administered a 24-item burden inventory, which is designed to assess their level of stress and physical and emotional burden in caring for the patient. Results: Bivariate correlation analyses were conducted between patients test scores and the caregiver burden measures. The analyses revealed a relationship between a specific neuropsychological domain and the caregiver measure. Specifically, the lower the verbal processing ability, the verbal memory, and functional ability of the patient, the greater the caregiver reported their stress or burden level to be. Interestingly, specific activities of daily living domains, such as transportation, appeared to cause the greatest burden in caregivers. Conclusion: The results from the current study suggest that neuropsychological test scores of cognitively impaired patients can be used when predicting the burden of care a caregiver is likely to experience. Further implications from this study are that we can assist healthcare providers in tailoring specific support programs for caregivers of patients with specific cognitive deficits.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Steers, William Neil
- Description:
- A study was conducted for the purpose of demonstrating the effects of sex of subject, sex of target person, attributes of the target person, and search stage on the order and amount of information accession during the impression formation process. Equal numbers of male and female subjects were given the opportunity to access appearance, behavior, and trait information about either male or female targets. The targets and their attributes were represented in an information board, which is a matrix with each row representing a different target person, and each column representing either an appearance, behavior, or trait attribute of the target. Each cell contained cards with information regarding how the attribute in the column characterized the person in the row. Subjects were given the task of choosing which target impressed them most favorably by removing cards from the cells of their choice and reading the information printed on the cards. Two quadruple interactions were hypothesized. Male subjects were hypothesized to search a greater amount of appearance information about female targets in the first search stage than subjects in all other experimental conditions. Male subjects were also hypothesized to conduct a higher within-attribute search when searching appearance information about female targets in the first stage than subjects in all other conditions. Neither of these hypotheses was confirmed. It was found that subjects executed a higher within-target search in the second search stage than the first. The effect of subject sex on search sequence and the effect of attribute type on search depth were tested post hoc. It was found that females conducted a higher within-target search than males. Surprisingly, an overall preference for searching trait information than appearance or behavior information was also found. Results are discussed in light of existing models of information search.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Morawiec, Risako
- Description:
- Past studies have shown mixed results in the effect of presenting information in visual and auditory modalities on students' learning. Some studies suggest that presenting information in visual and auditory modalities provides more resources to working memory and thereby improves the learning process (Feinbergm & Murphy, 200; Kalyuga et al. , 2000; Mayer, 2001; Moreno & Mayer, 199, 2002). Some other studies suggest using Cognitive load theory (CLT) that redundant auditory and visual information increases cognitive load and interferes with learning (Kalyuga, et al., 2004; Mayer, 2001 ; Mayer & Moreno, 2002, 2003). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of different multimedia presentation styles on participants' learning performance. The participants were 85 undergraduate university students, and they were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions or the control group. The control group received narration only. The first independent variable is an on-screen text density, including on-screen keyword text and on-screen summary text. The second independent variable is on-screen text segmentation, including small-chunked versus continuously presented on-screen text. Dependent variables are subjective rating of cognitive load, a recall test, and a problem solving transfer test. It was hypothesized that on-screen text groups would experience less cognitive load and would outscore the other groups in overall total test scores. Among on-screen text groups, those who received the keyword presentation were predicted to report less cognitive load and scores higher in overall test scores than those who received summary presentations. Also, it was hypothesized that the segmented presentation groups would experience less cognitive load and outperform in overall test scores than the continuous presentation groups. One way ANOVA and 2x2 between-subjects ANOVA revealed that there were no significant differences between the five groups. The study was not conclusive in terms of recommending effective ways of multimedia presentation styles using both onscreen text and narration. Future studies should examine the same variables with different presentations or other ways to improve learning using multimedia presentations.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Anderson, James Edward
- Description:
- This evaluation focused on accessing word-processing functions by testing the efficiency of predetermined key combinations often called "accelerator-commands," "keyboard-equivalents," or "keyboard-shortcuts." Only the alpha-key component of accelerator-command key combinations has previously been addressed by user interface guidelines (International Business Machines Corporation., 1992; Apple Computer Inc., 1987; Digital Equipment Corporation, 1988). This evaluation focused on two other accelerator-command components: accelerator-keys and the shift-key. The evaluation compared key combination assignment principles using a three by three between-subject design. The accelerator-key assignment principle was the first dimension with three conditions: using one accelerator-key, using multiple accelerator-keys for added mnemonics, and using multiple accelerator-keys for categories. The shift-key assignment principle was the second dimension with three conditions: not using the shiftkey, using the shift-key for added mnemonics, and using the shift-key for related commands. Each cell had different key combinations for the 60 commands. The subjects were to press the correct key combination when presented with a definition of the command. The test ended when the subject pressed the correct key combination 19 of 20 times (95% correct responses) in a single trial. None of the overall measures, trials to 95 percent, percentage correct on first trial, or total errors, were significantly different on any dimension. The principles used to predict the overall results including the Category Coding Principle, the Number Of Accelerator-Keys Principle, the Number of Shift-Keys Principle, the Related Coding Principle, and the Mnemonic Principle have the following flawed assumption in common: that by reducing a targeted type of component error (accelerator-key errors, shift-key errors, or alpha-key errors) the overall number of errors will be reduced. The results of the component error measures (accelerator-key errors, shift-key errors, and alpha-key errors) give application designers the following strategies to help predict the key combinations that are more likely to cause users to have the different kinds of component errors: � Key combinations that are more likely to have accelerator-key errors can be predicted better by using the Category Coding Principle than by using the Number Of Accelerator-Keys Principle. � Key combinations that are more likely to have shift-key errors can be predicted better by using the Number of Shift-Keys Principle than by using the Related Coding Principle. � Key combinations that are more likely to have alpha-key errors can be predicted using the Mnemonic Principle. By using the previous strategies to predict the key combinations that will have the most component errors, the following guidelines could be used by application designers to reduce the frequency of component errors if they can predict the frequency with which individual commands will be used: � To reduce the frequency of accelerator-key errors, 1) assign the most frequently used functions to key combinations using the primary accelerator-key and assign the less frequently used functions to a secondary accelerator-key or 2) use the Category Coding Principle. � To reduce the frequency of shift-key errors, 1) assign the most frequently used functions to key combinations without the shift-key and assign the less frequently used functions to key combinations with the shift-key or 2) use the Category Coding Principle for the shift-key. � As previously stated in the guidelines, to reduce the frequency of alpha-key errors, assign the most frequently used functions to mnemonic key combinations and assign the less frequently used functions to non-mnemonic key combinations.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Prenovost, Linda M.
- Description:
- The goal of the present study wa'i to uncover interrelationships among sexual orientation, sex, attitudes toward women's roles in society, and level of dietary restraint. It was hypothesized that sexual orientation, attitudes toward traditional gender roles, and sexual self-esteem would be at least as highly associated with restraint as gender. Other expected relationships predicted that participants who seek male sexual acceptance (homosexual men and heterosexual women) would report higher restraint and lower sexual self -esteem than their counterparts and, in addition, high restraint levels were expected to relate to women who had been raised or lived inside the U.S. as opposed to women from other countries. A questionnaire was administered to volunteers at CSU, Northridge which contained the Restraint Scale, Attitudes Towards Women Scale, the Sexual Self-Esteem Scale, questions pertaining to sexual orientation, as well as demographic items. The useable sample consisted of 183 cases (60 men and 122 women; 13 homosexual and 170 heterosexual respondents). Results were found to be unreliable due to a lack of power; however the arithmetic means of the hypotheses involving restraint and the respondents seeking male acceptance and their estimation of their sexual self-esteem were in the predicted directions. Supplementary analyses revealed that, in addition to the small representation of homosexual participants, the sample also lacked respondents who were restrained eaters. A more powerful sample would be expected from a more directed purposive sampling procedure. Finally, principal components analyses with oblique rotation were performed on the Restraint Scale and Sexual Self-Esteem Scale respectively. The factor structure of the Restraint Scale supported the pre-established structure (two factors: concern for dieting and weight fluctuation) and the structure of the latter scale revealed only one component. It was recommended that the items pertaining to the factor, weight fluctuation, be re-constructed to reflect purer measures of dieting and binging behaviors separately since fluctuations of weight are generally the result of a combination of dieting and overeating.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Metchikian, Karyn L.
- Description:
- The responses of 10 mothers reported for child abuse, 12 reported for child neglect, and 12 comparison mothers, were compared on the Parenting Stress Index/Short Form (PSI/SF), the Expectations subscale of the Parent Behavior Checklist, and the Abuse subscale of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAP Inventory). The abuse and neglect group mothers had significantly higher scores than comparison mothers on the CAP Inventory; the neglect group had significantly higher stress scores than the comparison group on the PSI/SF; there were no group differences in terms of mothers' expectations for their child's behavior. Stress was a significant predictor of child abuse potential on the CAP Inventory. Post hoc analyses indicated that neglectful mothers reported the use of significantly more discipline and less nurturing with their children than comparison mothers. This study indicates that mothers with high stress levels would benefit from preventive services aimed at the reduction of future maltreatment rates.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Farris, Al’Lisha
- Description:
- Throughout my life, growing up as an African American, I desired to gain answers to where my ancestors came from. The purpose of this self-study is to explore the role ancestry and the collective unconscious may have played in answering my question of ancestry. I explore the appearance of themes and imagery in dreams and artwork, paired with depth processing methods in order to determine if the unconscious has worked to bring an intuitive connection between myself and my ancestral origins, as revealed through my ancestry test results. This work is a representation of my journey of ancestral revelation and the role of the collective unconscious in self-discovery and reconnection with my soul. My findings reveal a connection between the archetypal symbols of the serpent, the golden orb, the Sankofa and my ancestral connection to Ghana.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Sonoma
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Constantino, Michael
- Description:
- Purpose of the Study: This thesis explores human evolution from a holistic, transpersonal, and psychospiritual perspective in attempt to answer a central question: What is necessary to restoring humanity’s relationship to nature amid our current ecological crisis? Humanity’s loss of interdependence with nature is examined within a context of trauma and an indigenous equivalent of soul loss at the individual, collective, planetary, and cosmic levels. Methods: This study utilizes peer-reviewed literature and triangulation from Jungian, indigenous, and transpersonal psychologies, which, as theoretical disciplines, offer insights that illustrate the importance of engagement with the sacred via the soul. An interdisciplinary approach is also used – drawing from the integral philosophy of Jean Gebser (1966/1986); the historical and cultural critique of Morris Berman (1981/1989); the mystery tradition of alchemy; somatic-based trauma literature; and contrasting views of traditional and contemporary science. Research methods of triangulation, reflexivity, phenomenology, and radical empiricism are used as means of measuring validity. Findings: Humanity’s lack of response to the ecological crisis may be the result of unrecognized individual and collective trauma, signified by a deepening separation from nature, loss of feeling, and symptoms of dissociation. These can be defined as traumatic conditions. When examined from an integral and psychospiritual perspective their interdependence and unconscious and transpersonal nature can be uncovered. Conclusions: This study sheds light on three areas: (1) the importance of psychospiritual and holistic considerations in human evolution, (2) a reexamination into the causes and remedies of our current ecological crisis, and (3) a reevaluation of the relevance of the psychospiritual interface, the interplay between psychological and spiritual phenomena and their involvement in the evolutionary process. The transpersonal and psychospiritual fields are often marginalized as unscientific but may be more relevant to true scientific inquiry than previously thought.
- Resource Type:
- Masters Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Sonoma
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Mandel, Jerrold L.
- Description:
- This study represents an attempt to assess the relationship between unclear communication and deviant behavior. It was hypothesized that as stimuli became less discriminable, and the consequences of responses became less predictable, behavior would become less efficient, and more inappropriate responses would be observed. To test this hypothesis, four groups of Ss from a prep school were given a verbal learning task consisting of lists of paired associates with two levels of discriminability. Ss were required to learn one of the lists to a criterion of one perfect trial. Upon reaching criterion, either 50% or 100% reversal was instituted. Following institution of reversal, all Ss were given two additional test trials. This study was replicated using students from a remedial school, in order to test for the influence of behavioral problems upon performance level in this task. The study yielded a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design with two levels of discriminability, and two levels of reversal, using Ss from both schools. Three dependent variables were measured on all Ss: trials to criterion, number of errors after reversal was instituted, and number of inappropriate responses during reversal. The results supported the major hypotheses. The groups given the less discriminable word list showed a greater number of trials to criterion than those given the more discriminable list. The groups given 50% reversal showed more errors and inappropriate responses than the groups given 100% reversal. There were no statistically significant differences in performance between the two schools.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Sharp, Tilghman
- Description:
- Forty-six depressed and anxious cardiac patients who had suffered myocardial infarction and/or bypass surgery were given twelve weekly sessions of either supportive or behavioral therapy. Patients completed a battery of psychological assessments at five different time periods, before therapy, at the completion of therapy, and at three, nine and fifteen month follow-ups. A combined standard-hierarchical multiple regression was used to determine if certain selected variables could predict success in therapy at each of the four post-therapy time periods. Two of the individual variables, Global Severity Index and Expectations were significant predictors. Taking the eleven variables as a group, strong prediction prediction was obtained, with predictable variance in therapy success increasing from 44% at the conclusion of therapy to 72% at the fifteen month follow-up. Further research is indicated with a larger group of patients in order to investigate a more diverse socioeconomic group and to further study the best combination of predictor variables. Cardiac patients form a group that is continuously at risk for further heart problems, therefore maintenance of the best possible quality of life, with the least amount of stress, is important for this population.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Smyth, Tim Christopher
- Description:
- Since the concept of locus of control was proposed by Rotter in 1954, other theorists have sought to expand upon his initial bipolar concept. Levenson (1972) proposed that locus of control is not two dimensional or bipolar but that externality can be further subdivided to account for perceived control by powerful others and the attribution of chance or fate as a causal factor. Factor analyses consistently reveal at least 3 dimensions of locus of control and indicate that Rotter’s scale is too simplistic to account for intersubject variations in measures of adjustment. Previous studies also reveal a correlation between externality and well-being. The present study utilized Levenson’s three factor locus of control scale in an effort to replicate and clarify the relationship of locus of control to indices of adjustment and self-esteem. Additionally, the introduction of instructional manipulation was designed to address the issue of instructional effects, singly and in combination with the factor of sex. Results support the replicability and stability of the relationships between locus of control, well-being, and self-esteem. The instructional manipulation had the effect of decreasing attributions of internality in both sexes. Sex of subjects was shown to be related to reports of self-regard, physical abilities (subscales of the self-esteem measure), and depressive symptomatology.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Hofacker, Charles F.
- Description:
- In order to resolve some of the contradictions that exist in the area of pictorial memory and to more fully understand the processing of visual materials, a study was undertaken to examine the serial position curve when the stimuli are relatively complex ‘vacation type’ slides of outdoor scenes. The method chosen for mapping out the serial position function was that of probe recognition. Further, the normative complexity of the slides was varied over two levels. It was predicted that low complexity slides would lead to superior performance on the probe task as compared to high complexity slides. Another expectation was that any serial position effect would be limited to the low complexity slides. This prediction was made on the assumption that low complexity slides are labeled with words and rehearsed as words while no rehearsal, either imaginal or verbal, occurs for high complexity slides. Lists were nine items long and were probed at the first, third, fifth, seventh, and eighth serial positions. Recognition was for exact list sequence rather than for list membership. Separate 2 by 5 analyses of variance were performed for total correct and for the d' of signal detection theory. The probability of a correct response did not differ for the five probe positions sampled, nor was there any reliable effect of slide complexity. These results were discussed in the context of a depth of processing point of view.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Haber, Sharon Joy
- Description:
- This study was designed to investigate the various factors which might influence the decision-making process of clinical psychologists in relation to ethical violations. One of 27 questionnaires containing a vignette of an ethical violation by a psychologist was mailed to 860 clinical psychologists selected at random from the 1981 APA directory. Each of these questionnaires also contained a rating scale from 1-7 for the levels of seriousness as well as 7 sanctions listed in order of severity. It was hypothesized that there would be a substantial relationship between the severity of rating and penalty imposed. It was further hypothesized that the severity of rating of the infraction and the penalty imposed would be directly related to the various levels of minor, moderate and severe. It was also predicted that there would be a significant difference in judgments imposed on offending psychologists who showed various reactions (apologetic/ contrite or obstinate/unrepenting) as opposed to those with no reaction and also that there would be a significant difference in penalties given to offending veteran vs. novice psychologists and to those with no time in field specified. In addition it was hypothesized that the obstinate/unrepenting, veteran psychologist was expected to be rated most severely. From 270 responses it was found that there is a significant relationship between severity of rating and penalty imposed. The severity of rating and the penalty imposed were not found to be significantly related to the levels (minor, moderate, and severe) however they were within the predicted direction. The three hypotheses which included vignettes with responses by the offender, no response given or time in the field specified, were not substantiated by any significant findings.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Kimball, Mary Eleanor
- Description:
- The hypothesis that Graphoanalysis (GA) is a valid predictor of scores on the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey was tested by correlating Graphoanalyses of writing samples from 30 Ss, done separately by two Graphoanalysts (Gs), with results of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey ( GZ), taken by the same 30 Ss. The hypothesis that GA is a reliable measure was tested by calculating Pearson's r and a z-score for the two sets of GA results. A specific group of GA traits was assigned to each GZ trait and correlated with it; each GA trait in the group was also separately correlated with its assigned GZ trait. Correlations of groups of GA traits with GZ traits produced significant correlations (p<0.05) associated with the GZ traits of Sociability, Objectivity, and Friendliness, and their respective GA correlates, out of 18 correlations calculated. Correlations of GZ traits with individual GA traits produced 8 significant correlations, out of 102 calculated. Since these numbers of significant correlations might have occurred by chance alone, the results are not held to support the hypothesis that GA scores will predict GZ scores. Fifty-one traits were evaluated by each G. The degree of agreement between them was tested by Pearson's r; the absolute agreement, by the Z-score for binomial distributions for an n of 30 or more. r was significant (p<0.05) for 16 of the 51 traits. The z-score showed significant results for 37 of the 51 (p<0.05). These results tend to support the hypothesis that GA is a reliable experimental tool. Difficulties in scoring and data analysis in both measures were discussed.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Giacomi, M. Jean
- Description:
- Results from a “science Functional Test” done on a glove-box type work station developed at NASA-Ames Research Center provided the questions addressed in the present study. An experiment was conducted to examine the optimum arrangement of access positions which would allow two operators to most effectively work together on tasks done inside a glove box. Two access position arrangements were considered in the study: a side access position arrangement and an opposite access position arrangement. In the experiment, 40 pairs of subjects worked on assembly tasks which involved fine and gross manipulation of objects. The subjects were divided into four groups according to access position (side vs opposite) and amount of coordination used to complete the assemblies (high vs low). Five “steps” were performed in each of the fine and gross manipulation task groups. Each step was considered one part of an assembly sequence, and involved reaches to different points inside the workstation. After a practice trial the subjects performed each of the five steps in sequence four additional times. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- deLara, Christine
- Description:
- The purpose of the present study is to investigate both male and female subjects’ attributions of responsibility to a rape victim as a function of the following variables: (1) sex of the rape victim (female vs. male); (2) level of attitudinal similarity to the victim (similar vs. dissimilar); and (3) number of rapists or defendants (1 vs. 2). The design of this experiment is a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial which includes sex of subject as a classification variable. Subjects for this experiment were undergraduate students enrolled in various sections of the introductory psychology course at California State University, Northridge. Each subject received a booklet which contained all the information for each of the eight treatment combinations as well as the posttest questionnaire. Shaver's (1970) version of defensive attribution theory, which emphasizes the role of situational and personal similarity between the subject and the stimulus person in responsibility attribution, has been successfully upheld when applied to the situation of a rape victim (de Lara and Fulero, 1974). The present study seeks to extend the defensive attribution process with regard to a rape victim by ascertaining what effect sexual similarity to the victim in addition to personal similarity as measured by attitudes has on responsibility attribution. Furthermore, the manipulation of number of rapists is intended to clarify whether the defensive attribution process will generally prevail in the attribution of responsibility to a rape victim or whether, in the case of the two rapists, a more "rational" attribution model such as Heider's (1958) will apply and yield sharply diminished attributions of responsibility to the rape victim. Ratings were obtained of the seriousness of the rape's consequences for the victim, probability that what happened to the victim as well as to the defendant could happen to the subject, and probability that a similar crime could occur again on campus. Additional measures included subjects' identification, perceived similarity, and attraction for the victim, as well as an item assessing punitiveness toward the defendant(s). Analysis of variance based on the transformed scores from the above measures overwhelmingly indicates that the rape situation is more relevant for females than for males. The main dependent variable of this study was attribution of responsibility to the victim for the rape's occurrence. The principle finding was a sex of subject X level of attitudinal similarity interaction which, when taken in conjunction with the findings of an appended control group which included a "no information" condition with respect to attitudes, directly supports the defensive attribution hypothesis.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Sarchio, John Peter
- Description:
- It is through Transpersonal Psychology that--in the West--the spiritual facet of life is formally accepted as a legitimate aspect of the psychological realm of humankind. Where Eastern philosophy and religion have focused on spiritual development, and Western psychology has focused on intra- and interpersonal development, Transpersonal Psychology is the embodiment of the meeting ground between East and West: where the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal (spiritual) realms merge. This paper goes into some detail as to the value of Transpersonal Psychology for clients and therapists. Some of what Transpersonal Psychology offers to clients is a new image of who and what we are, exploration of altered states of consciousness, spiritual growth and selftranscendence, and new forms of energy. What is to be expected of a transpersonal therapist is that he/she has an intimate awareness, involvement, and high degree of development on intra-, inter-, and transpersonal levels. Many traditional techniques may be employed by a transpersonal therapist, but he/she focuses as much, or even more so, on the quality of the energy/life of the counseling situation. Although a client may need to do intensive work on an intra-, or interpersonal level, various exercises (a few of which are illustrated in this paper) can be used to align transpersonal qualities which can contribute to the work being done. On a group level, individual work is enhanced through a conscious focus on utilizing and maximizing the collective energy of the group. The new direction of Transpersonal Psychology is focused more on spiritual energy than psychological malady; the transpersonal "gold" as opposed to the intrapersonal pathology. The aim is not only for an individual to feel whole and harmonious in respect to oneself and others, but also in respect to the entire cosmos.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Marziani, Alexander William
- Description:
- This study investigated the effects of group learning experiences on changes in cognitive complexity. Cognitive complexity is defined by Scott (1962) as the number of independent dimensions worth of concepts the individual brings to bear in describing a particular domain of phenomena. Bieri (1966) defined cognitive complexity as the degree to which a system of concepts differentiates or discriminates people. It has been postulated by Kelly (1955) that the concepts an individual has available for structuring his interpersonal relationships determines the kinds of responses which are possible for him. As part of this study a two page questionnaire was developed based on the work of Bieri, Scott, Kelly and Osgood to measure cognitive complexity. The questionnaire was administered to 71 subjects enrolled or about to be enrolled in upper division psychology courses at San Fernando Valley State College. A non-equivalent control group design with pre-test and post-test measures was used in this study to take advantage of indigenous group selection and setting. Two upper division college courses in sensitivity training were used as the experimental groups. There were three control groups. One control group was an upper division course in motivation taught by one of the sensitivity training leaders. A second control group was composed of persons waiting to take a sensitivity training course the next college term with the second sensitivity training leader. The third control group was an upper division course in behavioral disorders taught by an instructor not involved in sensitivity training. Sensitivity training has as a stated goal an increase in the participant's awareness of his own social stimulus value; the feelings, attitudes and perceptions of others toward him. It also aims towards increased awareness of one's own feelings and attitudes in interpersonal situations (Bennis, 1964). Harrison (1966) postulates that these goals imply that interpersonal concepts should change in the direction of greater complexity, greater abstractness, and greater depth. This study attempted to determine in objectively quantifiable terms how a sensitivity training experience differed from an academic learning experience or no formal learning experience in affecting cognitive complexity. The results of the study indicated that while there were large individual differences in cognitive complexity, no significant changes or differences in cognitive complexity was found in either the experimental or control groups. Several different possibilities for the lack of significant results are discussed. One of the explanations for the lack of significant differences could be that the subjects had a generally high level of cognitive complexity before the group experience. This seems plausible since the subject pool consisted of advanced students in psychology who previously had been exposed to broadening experiences. Some suggestions for further research in the area of sensitivity training are made with some selection procedures for screening sensitivity training candidates.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Chenevert, Ollie S.
- Description:
- This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of aural presentation of instructions upon comprehension, as measured by performance in a complex task, particularly among individuals demonstrating low reading comprehension. Subjects performed a task having concrete and abstract parts after receiving instructions in one of three experimental modes; i.e., Condition 1, 100% visual presentation; Condition 2, 50% visual/50% aural presentation or Condition 3, 100% aural presentation. To effectively assess the instructional modes, a task was chosen with which subjects would have little familiarity, namely the assembly and use of a binary adder (BA). Persons with binary number system background were not used. In Part 1, the concrete portion of the task, subjects assembled wiring necessary for the correct use of a 2-position BA. In Part 2, subjects were required to troubleshoot an error in a 4-position BA, then use the adder to add a 4-position binary problem and convert the answer to a decimal number. Subject population was composed of 90 male and female students at California State University, Northridge. Pretests were conducted to assess the subject's reading comprehension level and manual dexterity ability. Manual dexterity was not to be considered as a separate variable therefore, subjects scoring above 80 and below 20 were eliminated from further participation. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Cherry, Thomas James
- Description:
- In this thesis the effects of three cognitive variables were studied as they affect the aesthetic communication process. It was assumed that aesthetic communication is the process whereby the artist through his work, communicates his feelings to the perceiver. Consequently, each subject was initially tested to determine if he were: a. elative or depressive; b. variable or stable mood; c. sensitizer or repressor. The subjects were then measured on the accuracy of their perceptions of four aesthetic stimuli (paintings), two of which were elative while the other two were depressive. Their accuracy was determined by comparing their responses to those of the artist. The sample consisted of 104 introductory psychology students at San Fernando Valley State College. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Skryha, Bryan Wilson
- Description:
- Systematic desensitization and progressive relaxation were compared as to their effectiveness in alleviating test anxiety, in improving examination performance, and in reducing general anxiety in test anxious college students. Sixty students served as Ss selected on the basis of high scores on Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale. All sixty students were evenly divided into high and low generally anxious groups by their initial scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. After completing the Test Anxiety Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, these 60 high test anxious Ss were randomly assigned either to a systematic desensitization, a progressive relaxation, or a no treatment control group. All Ss were measured for test anxiety before and after treatments, and general anxiety (State) before, during and after treatments. It was found that low generally anxious systematically desensitized and progressively relaxed Ss significantly reduced their levels of test anxiety when compared to a no treatment control group. No significant differences in test anxiety were found between treatment and control groups for those Ss who were high in general anxiety. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Mapp, Casey
- Description:
- Research has suggested that higher self-efficacy is associated with not only greater improvements to mood following exercise, but also less perceived exertion during exercise. Though differences between gender and ethnicity have been reported in behaviors, beliefs, and self-efficacy regarding physical activity, the majority of studies exploring this relationship between self-efficacy and exercise related affect have used homogenous subject pools and do not take into account gender and cultural differences between subjects. The current study used an exercise task with self-efficacy ratings and pre- and post-exercise mood measurements as well as in-task ratings of perceived exertion to investigate potential differences between gender and ethnic groups, regarding this relationship between self-efficacy and exercise-related mood states. The results of this study found that affective responses that were influenced by self-efficacy varied among different ethnic/gender combinations.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Ades, Audrey June
- Description:
- The present study was an investigation into the relationship between two personality variables: “Time perspective”,and “Self-Actualizing tendency”. The review of the literataure and introduction to the problem contained a discussion about, the theories of Maslow, May,Rogers, Allport, and others as they pertain to ''self.actualization and as they are concerned, in certain aspects, with “time orientation”. Both theory and research are reviewed as they are relevant to the pas, present and future time orientation and the personality characteristics of individuals. See more in text.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Terceman, John O.
- Description:
- Predicted increases in air traffic are driving a paradigm shift in the Air Traffic Management system. The ATM research community has identified the adoption of Trajectory-Based Operations a viable concept of operation to accommodate the traffic growth while maintaining system safety and efficiency. This transition would require pilots and controllers to use trial planner tools to create, evaluate, modify trajectories that are exchanged between the ground and airborne systems. However, various lags (e.g., in communications or computation of trajectories) can induce delays in providing the feedback to the user during conflict search and trial planning processes. This research addresses this issue by conducting an experiment to study the effects of feedback delays on pilots during conflict detection and avoidance tasks. Twelve pilots participated in 40 en-route flight part-task simulations that required them to avoid separation violations with surrounding aircraft while maintaining flight safety and fuel efficiency. Actual air traffic over Kansas City airspace was simulated in the experiment and scaled to have moderate and higher density than current day level. The traffic was displayed on the NASA Ames Cockpit Situation Display, which featured a trial planner tool equipped with conflict alerting functionality. Feedback delays of 0, 2, 4 and 8 seconds were added to the conflict alerting functionality to observe any significant changes in pilot comfort as well as route efficiency and safety. Irrespective of the levels of feedback delays, pilots showed no significant decrease in performance in moderate traffic density simulations. However, the results were considerably different in the high traffic density condition, where the efficiency decreased significantly at levels of delay greater than 0 seconds and the pilot decision time increased significantly. In addition, pilots were more likely to commit to unsafe routes in high-density conditions with feedback delays greater than 0 seconds. It is reasonable to assume that delays are impossible to completely eradicate, but perhaps they need not be completely removed from these systems to successfully meet flight and business objectives. With thorough calculations stakeholders may be able to extrapolate the amount of feedback delay that can be deemed as acceptable in order to meet safety as well as business requirements.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Welsh, Kayleigh L.
- Description:
- The purpose of this research was to examine whether perceived mutual respect in schools (between teachers, administrators, and students) can moderate the relationship between environmental stressors (i.e., peer victimization, ethnic discrimination, parental intrusiveness) and the exhibition of high-risk behaviors (i.e., substance use, delinquent behaviors, physical aggression) in Latino adolescents in southern California. Research frequently investigates ways in which family-related variables can buffer such behaviors, but few studies have examined whether school climate can minimize the effects of stressors on youth high-risk behaviors. Given how much time adolescents typically spend at school, a positive school climate may serve as a protective factor against various stressors. Data from 610 ninth and tenth grade Latino adolescents (M=14.8 years old) in Los Angeles were used in the present study; a majority of which were 2nd generation youth (i.e., born in the U.S., parents born in other countries). Hierarchical regression analyses were performed (1) to assess the direct and direct effects of environmental stressors on high-risk behaviors, and (2) to test mutual respect in school and gender as potential moderators. Analyses revealed that ethnic discrimination was the only environmental stressor that was significantly related to all three high-risk behavior outcomes. Also, school respect significantly moderated the effects of peer victimization and parental intrusiveness on all three high-risk behavior outcomes. Results of the study indicated that promoting respect within the school environment could potentially buffer the impact of intrusive parenting and peer victimization on adolescent engagement in high-risk behaviors. In addition, schools should continue to investigate ways to decrease the incidences of peer victimization and ethnic discrimination within the schools, as well as ways to assist Latino youth in adaptively coping with environmental stressors when they do occur.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Revels-Macalinao, Michelle
- Description:
- The manifestation of discrimination has changed from overt to subtle forms, such as microaggressions-the conditions or communications that send negative messages to marginalized individuals and/or groups-yet the research on microaggressions remains limited and mostly qualitative. In addition, recent scholars have argued that intersectionality, the simultaneous examination of multiple social categorizations, is an important methodological approach to incorporate into scientific research. However, no research to date has directly compared intersectionality with the traditional way of examining social categories (i.e., the additive approach). In light of this, it becomes important to empirically examine microaggressions using intersectionality as a methodological approach. To address these gaps in the literature, an online survey was used to (a) develop an intersectional ethnic lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) microaggressions scale and (b) directly examine if the intersectional ethnic LGB microaggressions scale, rather than the ethnic/racial and LGB microaggressions scales together, is better at predicting anxiety and depression scores. Consistent with ethnic/racial and LGB microaggressions literature, 7 subscales emerged on the intersectional ethnic LGB microaggressions scale, including: (1) LGB community alien in own land, (2) negative treatment, (3) denial of experiences, (4) exoticization, (5) being pathologized, (6) gendered stereotypes, and (7) ethnic/racial community alien in own land. Additionally, the intersectional ethnic LGB microaggressions scale was found to better predict anxiety and depression scores than the ethnic/racial and LGB microaggressions scales together. These results support our hypotheses and suggest that intersectionality is a better methodological approach to measuring social identities.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Kitchen, Richard
- Description:
- This research explored the effects of button position and screen layout of touch screens on a mobile device. Three dependent variables were measured: reaction time, errors, and perceived convenience. Thirty participants were required to select a rectangular button displayed on the device as quickly and accurately as possible. Twenty individual button locations were used. Button locations were grouped into exterior and interior buttons. Exterior buttons were around the perimeter of the display while interior buttons did not come in contact with any edges. Convenience was significantly higher for interior buttons for both dominant and non-dominant thumb conditions for small, medium, and large thumb sizes. Implications for touch screen design and layout were discussed.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Gonzalez, Sandy
- Description:
- This study examined adults' ability to discern children's true and false memory reports. Jury-eligible community members (N = 329) watched video-clips from children's interviews about a memory event involving a secret and rated various attributes related to children's perceived cognitive ability and honesty. Video-clips were divided into eight experimental conditions based on event type (secret, no secret), child response (report, denial) and child age (5-6 years, 7-8 years). Overall, adults were more likely to believe reports over denials, but they were likely to be misled by both false reports and false denials. When children were asked to keep a secret, adults believed children who reported more than those who incorrectly denied, but when children were not asked to keep a secret, adults believed children who falsely reported more than those who accurately denied. This presents a problem for the legal system. If jurors are unable to correctly assess the accuracy of children's statements, there are serious risks for the miscarriage of justice in child maltreatment cases.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Vaughn, Linda Susan
- Description:
- In order to determine what variables contribute or detract from the interpersonal attraction of a successful career woman, 80 male and 80 female introductory psychology students from California State University, Northridge viewed one of eight different videotapes of a female stimulus person discussing aspects of her career and homelife. Two levels of occupation (traditional vs. nontraditional), two levels of competence (high vs. low), and two levels of role overload (high vs. low) were factorially varied for each videotape. This manipulation served four purposes. First, it assessed whether men respond more negatively than women to a female stimulus person in a nontraditional occupation (as was suggested by one group of investigators) or whether there is no longer a sex of subject difference in response to such a cue (as was suggested by another group of investigators.) Second, the study assessed whether the sex of subject difference reported by the aforementioned investigators was the result of subjects’ attitudes toward women or instead a function of their sex.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
46. Jewish identity and self-rejection : its impact on anti-Semitism, self-esteem and locus of control
- Creator:
- Capuano-Cohen, Lucy
- Description:
- There is a vast body of literature which has focused upon the relationship between Jewish self-rejectors and their extent of Jewish identification. Some studies have indicated the presence of anti-Semitism, lower self-esteem, and an external locus of control among these self-rejecting Jews, however, it has yet to be determined if there is a relationship among these variables. In addition, no study has focused upon the prediction value of these variables on Jewish identification or lack of it. The present study examines the relationship among Jewish identification, anti-Semitism, self-esteem, and locus of control, as well as how the latter three, can contribute to the prediction of Jewish identification. 101 subjects were recruited from the Psychology department, the Jewish studies department and the Crisis Intervention organization at California State University Northridge. The sample consisted of 57 females, 44 males, 71 undergraduates, and 30 graduate students; they ranged in age between 17 and 65 years of age. Subjects were administered the revised Anti-Semitism (A-S) scale, a brief biographical questionnaire, Brenner’s scale of Jewish Identification, Rosenberg’s Self Esteem scale, and Rotter’s Locus of Control scale. A Pearson correlation was performed among the anti-Semitism, the Jewish identification, the self-esteem, and the locus of control variables. A standard multiple regression was performed on Jewish identification using the above variables. The results demonstrated a statistically significant negative relationship between Jewish identification and identification and anti-Semitism. Anti-Semitism was the only variable found to add significant predictability to Jewish identification. A statistically significant difference was found between the older and younger group in relationship to Jewish identification. The fact that the rest of the main hypotheses were not found to be supported, only adds to the perplexity surrounding what variables, or combinations thereof, are involved in the relationship between Jewish Identification and Jewish self-rejection.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Jacobson, Ralph David
- Description:
- Measurements were made of the Test Anxiety level and Achievement Motivation level of 174 third, fourth, fifth, and sixth 9rade boys. One-half the subjects, balanced for grade level, were given five, two-minute, digit symbol exercises under non-stress instructions. The other half of the subjects received stress instructions for the same digit symbol exercises. Under an analysis of covariance on repeated measures, where scores on the dependent variable were adjusted for both age and IQ of the subjects, the following results obtained: 1) the hypothesis that subjects high in Achievement Motivation would perform better on the criterion measure than subjects low in this motive received only weak support. 2) the hypothesis that high anxiety subjects would score lower on the criterion measure than low anxiety subjects was not confirmed. 3) the hypothesis that under stress, the performance of high anxiety subjects would be lower relative to their performance under non-stress instructions, and low anxiety subjects would do better under stress was not supported. 4) an hypothesized 11greatest difference 11 score between experimental subgroups was found but was not tested for significance. 5) an unexpected significant result, that high n Ach subjects do better under non-stress than under stress, and low n Ach subjects do better under stress than nonstress, was found. various theoretical positions and relevant research were discussed initially. Causes for the findings were offered and discussed.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Lyons, Bruce
- Description:
- The issue of how to effectively deal with stress in our everyday lives is one that plagues every individual. The investigation conducted examined how individuals cope with life stresses. The purpose of the investigation was to assess the effectiveness of various ways of coping upon one’s overall adjustment, and to see if one particular method of coping was more adaptive than others. The general hypothesis being investigated was that people who cope with stress through physical activity would display more coping skills and a better overall adjustment than people who cope with stress through other means. Adjustment was defined according to scores on the six tests administered (the Beck Depression Inventory, the Janis-Fields Feelings of Inadequacy Scale, Rotter’s Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, the Ways of Coping Checklist, the Hassles Scale, and the Uplifts Scale). Two hundred and twenty-eight participants were grouped as follows. Physical Copers (individuals using physical activity to cope) consisted of 78 participants. Cognitive Copers (individuals using cognitive activities to cope) consisted of 66 participants. Miscellaneous Copers (individuals using other means of coping than physical or cognitive) consisted of 84 participants. Results of the 2 x 3 between-subjects multivariate analysis of variance offered some support of the following hypotheses. Physical Copers reported significantly more coping mechanisms than did Cognitive Copers. There was no significant difference, however, between Physical Copers and Miscellaneous Copers with respect to reported numbers of coping mechanisms. Secondly, the use of physical activity to cope appeared to aid as well in the relief of depression as did cognitively oriented activities, and appeared to be more effective than such activities as sleeping or eating. Other hypotheses were not confirmed, and no significant sex differences were found for any of the six measures used. Issues in stress research were discussed and directions for future research were mentioned.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Arreola, Jose
- Description:
- Extant literature has demonstrated associations between exposure to community violence (ECV) and family violence and poorer mental health outcomes among youth including depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as aggressive and antisocial behaviors (Aisenberg & Mennen, 2000; Brady et al., 2008, Ceballo et al., 2003; Ford et al., 2010). Furthermore, it is well documented that when youth experience maladaptive behavioral outcomes, racial/ethnic disparities are prevalent in terms of mental health treatment engagement and utilization (Cauce et al., 2002; Gudiño et al., 2009; Martinez, Gudiño, & Lau, 2013). The present research utilizes preexisting data from the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence III (NatSCEV III) to identify the risk and protective factors that help explain the various pathways to psychological adjustment and mental health service use among youths between the ages of 10 and 17 years, to better inform violence prevention and intervention efforts. Specifically, this research utilizes an ecological framework to assess the relationship between violence exposure and maladaptive behavioral outcomes and identify factors that buffer the adverse effects of violence. Lastly, this study also investigates how problem-type (internalizing versus externalizing) influences mental health service use. The data analytic strategy for this research includes a series of multigroup structural equation models to examine the relationship between violence exposure and psychological adjustment as well as the moderating effects of parent emotional engagement, peer emotional support, and race/ethnicity. The analytic objectives for the current study were achieved using RStudio statistical software (RStudio Team, 2016). The first model examining ECV and parent emotional engagement via a multigroup design indicated excellent fit to the data, χ2 = 153.154, df = 42, p < .001, CFI = .955, RMSEA = .069. Similarly, the ECV and peer support model also suggested an excellent fit to the data, χ2 = 184.287, df = 42, p < .001, CFI = .936, RMSEA = .078. The family violence and parent engagement model and the family violence and peer support model both indicated good fit to the data, χ2 = 267.027, df = 42, p < .001, CFI = .929, RMSEA = .095, χ2 = 287.734, df = 42, p < .001, CFI = .913, RMSEA = .099, respectively. Racial/ethnic differences in service use based on problem-type were assessed via comparisons between fully constrained models and unconstrained models for each of the multigroup models proposed. As hypothesized, findings indicated across all racial/ethnic groups that ECV and family violence were associated with increases in internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Peer emotional support was only found to moderate the relationship between family violence and externalizing symptoms among White youth. Internalizing symptoms were significantly associated with mental health service use, but only for White youth. Integration of these findings are significant for the development of policy, theory building, and treatment services to better inform violence prevention and intervention efforts. Implications and future directions are discussed.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Shivley-Scott, Travis Martin
- Description:
- Several factors including acculturation, amount of education inside and outside the United States, age, and English fluency have been found to negatively impact performance on neuropsychological tests in ethnically diverse individuals. To our knowledge, none of these studies used a quantitative measure of English language proficiency in a multiethnic sample. The present study used a quantitative measure of English language proficiency to determine the best predictor of poor performance on neuropsychological tests. Participants were 59 individuals composed of the following ethnic groups: Hispanic, Middle Eastern and Asian/Pacific Islander. All participants were administered a neuropsychological battery containing both verbal (Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), Boston Naming Test (BNT), and the Stroop Test) and nonverbal (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF), Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT), and the Color Trails Test (CTT)) subtests. Based on bivariate correlations, the following measures were included in the verbal composite: COWAT (FAS and animal naming), BNT, and Stroop Test part B, and the following measures were included in the nonverbal composite: WCST (total errors, categories completed, and percentage of conceptual-level responses), CTT-1 and 2, and Stroop C. A standard hierarchical regression was conducted to determine whether either verbal or nonverbal composite variables were related to demographic (age and total years of education) and cultural variables (acculturation, amount of education obtained outside of the U.S., and English language proficiency). It was hypothesized that 1) level of acculturation and amount of education obtained outside of the United States would impact verbal and nonverbal neuropsychological test performance above and beyond demographic factors, and 2) English language proficiency would be a stronger predictor of verbal neuropsychological test performance than the other two cultural factors. The results mostly supported the hypotheses and demonstrate the importance of quantitatively assessing English language proficiency in neuropsychological testing with ethnically diverse individuals.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Tonsing, Linda Ann
- Description:
- This study profiles the adult with muscular dystrophy and determines what psychosocial needs are important to him in the management of this physically disabling condition. Ample research exists to support the fact that physical disabilities are accompanied by personal and social problems, prejudices and stigma. Through the use of personal interviews and mailed questionnaires, 64 adults (males and females ranging in age from 18 to 70 years) with muscular dystrophy or other neuromuscular diseases were sampled in the Los Angeles area. In a three-part measure, designed by the investigator, subjects provided extensive demographic data; responded in agreement/disagreement with 18 positive and negative statements involving certain aspects of living with a physical disability, and evaluated the importance and usefulness of 25 services which could be a part of an adult program. The question is raised as to whether large volunteer agencies, such as the Muscular Dystrophy Association of America, should be responsible for the research and provision of psychosocial services to its adult population. An essentially medical problem has been compounded by social, personal and vocational handicaps, and effective medical treatment is limited. It is suggested that each such agency reexamine and reevaluate, if necessary, the original tenets upon which it was formed, and consider the social responsibility of eliminating the effects of stigma and prejudice from the disabled person’s life.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Dascal, Julieta
- Description:
- Fear of success is a psychological barrier arising due to individuals' avoidance of perceived negative consequences of success, such as unwanted attention and pressure to perform, managing people's expectations, and peer rivalry. The present study investigated the role of two constructs (i.e., anxiety and depression) that potentially contribute to fear of success in student populations. Despite the increasing rates of anxiety and depression in undergraduate students (Gupta & Basak, 2013), no previous research had previously investigated the relationship between depression and fear of success. A total of 425 undergraduate students completed online self-report surveys assessing anxiety, depressive symptoms, and fear of success. Results indicated that individuals scoring high on anxiety and depressive symptoms were also more likely to score high on fear of success. However, only depressive symptoms appeared to be a strong predictor of fear of success. Gender comparisons found fear of success to be higher in men, while anxiety and depressive symptoms were higher for women. Based on these findings, implications of the observed results as well as directions for future research were also discussed. Keywords: fear of success, anxiety, depression, self-defeating behaviors
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Babush, Maxim
- Description:
- Although the combination of impulsivity and depleted self-control could have unique effects on financial decision-making and temporal discounting, their combined influence has not been empirically tested. The present research addresses this gap by examining the effects of hunger-induced impulsivity and depleted self-control on intertemporal choice. The results suggest the combined influence of impulsivity and depleted self-control has no effect on temporal discounting specifically. However, depleted self-control did influence intertemporal choice in a way inconsistent with most previous studies: depleted participants displayed less myopic preferences.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Kramarova, Olga
- Description:
- Dancers often have difficulty remembering choreography they learn in a class or workshop. This project investigates strategies dancers can use to effectively learn and remember choreography so that they will be more likely to perform it correctly in the future. The first part of this project introduces and tests the effects of new strategies designed to improve dancers' abilities to cluster movements and organize events together in ways that might make choreography easier to remember (Hanna, 2008; Stinson, 1985). The second part of this project extends these findings by making some redesign recommendations for the Nintendo Wii's Just Dance video game. Both goals have the potential to augment usability, increase customer satisfaction, and maximize the potential health benefits related to learning how to dance.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Spolter, Barry Marshall
- Description:
- An investigation of situational factors was made in order to compare the multiple linear and multiple logistic regression models. The study was performed in two phases. During the first phase, an artificially created data set was employed, while in phase two, analysis was performed on a real data set. Phase one of the study involved creation of data sets by using a logistic regression equation obtained from a previous research project for the comparative analysis of the linear model and the logistic model without any residual error. The development of the data sets allowed for investigation of several situational factors which might influence model preference. The first involved holding the parameter estimates of the logistic equations constant, while making the values of the predictor variable more and more extreme. The second investigation was performed in a similar fashion, except that on this occasion, the predictor variable values were held constant, while the parameter values were varied. The second phase of the study involved the use of a real data set, in order to compare the multiple linear and multiple logistic regression models. This data set consisted of 70 predictor variables in order to evaluate the multiple linear and multiple logistic regression models on the selected criteria. For phase one of the study, it was found for constant parameter values that as the value of the predictor variable became more extreme, the multiple linear model became less accurate in the criterion used to evaluate the models. This difference was even greater when all values for the predictor variable were extreme and of the same sign. For the situation where the values of the predictor variable was constant, and the value of the parameter estimate was varied, it was found that, as compared to the logistic model, the multiple linear regression model became less accurate as the value of the parameter increased. For phase two, few differences were found between the two models for most of the methods used to select subsets of predictor variables. However, one method did indicate a significant difference between the models on all designated criteria used for phase two. For subset selection using the stepwise logistic regression method, it was found for a number of criteria that the logistic model had a significantly higher level of performance than the multiple linear model. The multiple logistic model had an increase of 10% over the variance explained by the linear model; the logistic model had 27 more cases with residuals values less than 0,1; and it had three fewer misclassifications.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Kern, Shira Michelle
- Description:
- Dementia represents a series of degenerative diseases known to cause a decline in cognitive functioning. A significant yet understudied type of dementia is frontotemporal dementia (FTD), characterized primarily by deficits in executive abilities and language. There is, particularly, little data regarding the daily functional abilities of FTD patients. The current study aimed to detail patterns of activities of daily living, using an observation-based test, and neuropsychological performance of patients with FTD. Thirteen participants with FTD were administered the Direct Assessment of Functional Status (DAFS). Fourteen subscales of the DAFS, designed to assess areas of orientation, communication, transportation, shopping, and financial skills were assessed. Each task within the subscales is observed and rated objectively by the researcher who scores participants on their performance; higher scores are equivalent to better performance. DAFS subscale scores were then converted to percentage correct responses for each subscale. FTD and 57 normal age and education-matched controls also completed a battery of cognitive tests designed to assess major cognitive domains, which included the Digit Span, CVLT, WCST, FAS and Rey-O. FTD patients' raw neuropsychological test scores were converted to z-scores using control participants' mean and standard deviation measures in order to create comparable units of measurement. The results revealed no significant differences between the neuropsychological z-scores for the FTD. However, a significant difference in ADL performance across groups, with NC outperforming those with FTD on nearly all areas of ADL performance was found. Within group analyses revealed that tasks related to recall, recognition and executive functioning were particularly difficult for those with FTD. Overall results support prior research in stating that those with FTD will be outperformed by normal controls on tasks related to ADL functioning. However, what this study specifically identifies is that within the range of deficits characterized through the DAFS scores, there are areas of ADL performance which are significantly more challenging for those with FTD in relation to not only age matched controls, but within their own patterns of deficits.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Bhurawala, Huma Khurshid
- Description:
- Comparisons of two contemporary models used to analyze bicultural identity; the UDM (unidimensional model) and BDM (bidimensional model) show that conceptualization is not clear in the field. Thus, it is suggested that a third model, the TDM (tridimensional model) is able to better unpack the contents of ethnogenesis (Flannery et al., 2001), or the phenomenon by which heritage and host cultures intertwine to form a new ethno-cultural group over generations. This present study seeks to examine the construct of ethnogenesis as it relates to bicultural college students by employing the TDM model and the similarly related Alternation model. It is further predicted that biculturals who vary on two dimensions, alternating and blending, will differ in amounts of bicultural selfefficacy (LaFramboise et al. , 1993).
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Zamora, Luis
- Description:
- The current study examines the effects of viewing positive and negative exemplars directly prior to an athletic performance task. It was hypothesized that participants who were given a positive exemplar (as opposed to the negative exemplar) would: perform worse in an athletic task, have lower levels of perceived control and state anxiety - positive, and higher levels of state anxiety - negative. Accordingly, it was predicted that greater perceived control would correlate with higher levels of performance, with recent findings supporting this view. Positive state anxiety was also studied to monitor how an athlete may use feelings of arousal to enhance performance. The participants included n = 269 undergraduate students from a local university who had a minimum level of previous basketball proficiency. Participants were asked to complete two sets of basketball free throws and given several questionnaires to fill out, including the Perceived Control scale (based on Otten, 2009), the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised (Cox et al., 2003), and a new Competitive State Anxiety - Positive inventory. Participants in the experimental groups were shown pictures and text of professional basketball players who shot over 80% (positive exemplar), 75% (control), or below 50% (negative exemplar). As in Dijksterhuis et al. (1998), participants transcribed their reactions regarding these exemplars, and then were asked here to shoot the second of two rounds of free throws. Results were not demonstrative of differences across the exemplar conditions on performance, perceived control, or the state anxiety levels of the participants. There were positive correlations, however, between performance and perceived control, and perceived control and positive state anxiety. This study is intended to aid athletes, coaches, and trainers to better understand the antecedents of a successful performance under pressure.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Schwalm, Norman D.
- Description:
- Fifty-four subjects randomly assigned to six groups in a 2x3x3 experimental paradigm were required to locate, count, and identify designated targets on displays of 40, 80, or 120 lettered, colored, and shaped items. Half of the subjects performed in a single task situation and half performed in a forced time-sharing task situation. Dependent measures were response times, percent correct responses, and rate of information processing (bits/sec). Results indicated significant effects of density and coding method for the location and counting tasks but not for the identification task. Color coding appeared to be the best coding method, followed by letter and shape coding respectively in both task situations. The superiority of color over the other two coding methods for the location and counting tasks was found to be greater in the time-shared task situation than in the single task situation, and this was attributed to color's attention-getting characteristics. It was concluded that attention becomes a critical factor in time-shared task situations. Implications of the findings for display design, as well as suggestions for further research, were stated.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Burkhart, Brenda J.
- Description:
- Previous studies on database data models have produced conflicting results. It was hypothesized that reported results differed due to different methodologies used to study the effect of data model on information retrieval. To test this hypothesis three methods of retrieval were utilized. The first was information search through instance diagrams (no language condition) which used the same method as Brosey and Shneiderman (1978). In the other two conditions, a query language (SEQUEL) was used and subjects either wrote queries (Offline) or typed queries into a computer (Online). Relational and hierarchical data models were compared. Sex was used as a blocking variable and all subjects answered both easy and hard questions (Query Difficulty). Correctness of retrieval results showed a main effect for method of retrieval as hypothesized. The No Language group scored higher than the Offline group who in turn scored higher than the Online group. It was hypothesized that the relational data model would result in better performance. Unexpectedly, there was a significant main effect for data model with the hierarchical model resulting in higher correctness of retrieval scores than the relational data model. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Reinhardt, Carol
- Description:
- Registered Nurses' perceptions of Doctors' relative use of French and Raven's six bases of social power were investigated. Seventy-two Registered Nurses from six Los Angeles hospitals were presented with eight written stories in which a doctor orders a nurse to provide a specific medical treatment for a patient. Sex of doctor, level of doctor's expertise (intern vs. specialist), and extremity of medical treatment requested (moderate vs. extreme) were varied in each story, yielding a two by two by two factorial within-subject design. Subjects rated the likelihood of questioning behavior by the nurse described in each story and their own uncertainty over the treatment requested by the doctor. For each story, subjects also rated each of the bases of social power in terms of likelihood of use by the doctor described in the story. The data was analyzed in terms of the following hypotheses: (1) Female doctors are questioned less and provoke less reservation than male doctors; (2) doctors with high expertise are questioned less and provoke less reservation than doctors low in expertise; (3) moderate treatments are questioned least and provoke least reservation; (5) male doctors of low expertise requesting an extreme treatment are questioned most and provoke the most reservation; (6)female doctors are perceived as having higher referent and expert power; (7) doctors requesting extreme treatments are perceived as having less expert power than doctors requesting moderate treatments; and (8) a negative relationship is perceived between expert and referent power. Hypotheses 1, 2,4,5,7, and 8 were not confirmed; Analysis of variance revealed significant results for the main effect of sex of doctor on referent power; for the main effect of expertise on reward and legitimate power; for the main effect of treatment extremity on RN questioning, subject uncertainty, reward, referent and legitimate power. Some possible reasons for the failure to find significant differences were discussed and a method for future research was proposed.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
62. The use of psychological factors for predicting metabolic control in insulin-dependent diabetics
- Creator:
- Fields, Preston Brian
- Description:
- The relationship between metabolic control and depression, anxiety, locus of control, illness duration, family environment, and the interaction of locus of control and illness duration was investigated. In addition, the relationship of metabolic control and family conflict, control, cohesion, and independence was evaluated. The subjects were 42 female and 27 male insulin-dependent diabetics between the ages of 20 and 40. The MMPI-D, STAI, ANSIE, Moos FES, and a short demographic questionnaire were used to assess the psychological dimensions. Illness durations and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were obtained from the patients' medical charts. Scales were handed out to patients during regularly scheduled office visits, filled out at home, and mailed back to the experimenter. The results indicated no significant relationships between metabolic control and any of the variables. These findings add to the confusion concerning the relationship between psychological factors and control of diabetes.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Supkoff, Judy
- Description:
- 56 mothers and their children aged 10 through 16 received the power inventories developed for this study and I-E control scales. All scores on the power and I-E scales were intercorrelated. These show that mothers' use of power is positively correlated with their own and children’s feelings of powerlessness. The power inventories were intercorrelated also, and then factor analyzed to isolate attitude syndromes. The findings indicated that authoritarian homes restrict responsibility and decision-making whereas permissive homes restrict responsibility only. Children's perceptions of mother's attitudes towards power wore compared with mother's attitudes towards power. Children perceive less open communication but feel more decision-making power than their mothers see them as having. The results of this research have important child-rearing implications.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Reyes, Monica
- Description:
- Recent research has shown that cognitive abilities are associated with bodily states, and that wearing formal clothing, relative to casual clothing, causes people to think more abstractly. In Study 1, we examined whether wearing formal clothing, which is associated with power, would enhance cognitive processes that result from abstract processing. Conversely, perceiving powerful others can make people feel less powerful. Study 2 tests this converse process by exposing participants to people wearing formal clothing and examines cognitive processing styles and decision making.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Moore, Elizabeth Randall
- Description:
- The present study was directed toward the question of whether the presence of a trait in the perceiver would influence his perception of the same trait in a real stimulus person. The trait for investigation was nurturance, as measured by the EPPS. Students enrolled in five sections of an intoductory psychology course at San Fernando Valley State College served as subjects. All subjects were administered the EPPS. On the basis of their nurturance scores, subjects were divided into a high, middle, and low group. Two months after the EPPS had been administered, a stimulus person was introduced in each class to present a brief lecture. Three descriptions of the stimulus person were systematically distributed prior to his arrival. The descriptions were identical with the exception of two words which differed. For a third of the subjects, the stimulus person was described as a "rather cold" person, while for another third of the subjects, the word "warm" was substituted for "cold." A third description was distributed in which the words "cold" and "warm" were deleted. The stimulus person appeared, delivered a brief lecture, and left. Students then rated him on a set of fifteen traits and on five descriptive statements related to the nurturance trait. Finally subjects wrote free descriptions of the stimulus person. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Cave, Georgia Sue
- Description:
- This experiment examined the stress reactions and coping styles of 140 college students using a test of autonomic balance to measure stress, and a modified form of Rahe’s life-change/illness questionnaire to measure both stress reactions and coping styles. Results suggest that stable sex difference effects existed for both measures and that Rahe’s model of life-change/illness was generalizable only to those populations who handle nstress by thinking about it frequently.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Hollombe, Gerald Jay
- Description:
- Social supports have been found to be mitigating factors against the deleterious effects caused by anxiety due to a stressful situation. This study is to determine whether awareness of the availability of help in such a situation is such a social support. The two manipulated independent variables were availability of help (help available, not available), and the anxiety provoking characteristics of the situation (high or low). A non-manipulated independent variable was the trait test anxiety of the participants in the study (high, medium, or low) as determined by the Mandler-Sarason Test Anxiety Scale. The dependent variable was the achieved score on a matrix puzzle task. It was predicted that participants with high trait test anxiety would perform better in high anxiety provoking situations when help was available. No significant effects were predicted for the moderate or low test anxious participants. No significant results were found for any variables or interactions.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Condelli, Laurence
- Description:
- An examination of the literature on the French and Raven (1959) bases of social power revealed that the effect of the outcome of compliance on various aspects of the powerholder-target relationship had been ignored. Past research had examined the effects of compliance only with outcome unspecified. An experiment was conducted investigating compliance outcome and its effect on the traditional dependent variables used in power base research, including future use of power base, surveillance, attraction, and private acceptance. Attributions of causality and responsibility for the outcome also were examined. Seventy-two subjects were exposed to all six power bases and either all positive or all negative outcomes by reading six scenarios describing one person influencing another using one of the power bases. In each scenario the stimulus person complied and subsequently received one of the outcomes. Results showed that while outcome and power base did not interact,
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Ashmore, William S.
- Description:
- The present study does not find support for a defensive attribution model which includes a race manipulation. It was hypothesized that within situations of highest relevance to the white subjects the following would happen: (1) If the defendant is white and attractive while the victim is black and unattractive a very light prison sentence will result; and (2) if the defendant is black and unattractive while the victim is white and attractive, a very stiff prison sentence will result. 112 undergraduates enrolled in introductory Sociology courses at California State University at Northridge served as subjects. In a 2x2x2x2 factorial design subjects were randomly assigned to one combination of the following treatment conditions: (1) attractive or unattractive victim; (2) attractive or unattractive defendant; (3) black or white victim; and (4) black or white defendant. The results of the study did not replicate Landy and Aronson (1969) or Shaw (1972) and casts some doubt on the generality of their findings when a race manipulation is included.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Hadar, Ilana
- Description:
- Conflicting findings have raised the problem of whether or not attribution of responsibility increases as the severity of consequences increases. In the present experiment the degree and direction of assignment of responsibility to a male or a female stimulus person (SP) were studied as a function of magnitude of consequences {mild or severe} in a bad accident. Ninety male Ss and ninety female Ss were assigned to the four treatment cells. Each S read a case history in which the SP was involved in a mishap. Results on a twelve item questionnaire measuring attribution of responsibility and other perceptions of the SP did not support Lerner's (1965) and Walster’s (1966) hypotheses that the assignment of responsibility increases as the magnitude of consequences increases. The trend was toward an inverse relationship, i.e., as the magnitude of consequences decreases, assignment of responsibility increases. The hypothesis that male Ss would attribute more responsibility than would female Ss was confirmed. There was a trend for male Ss to make more allowances for the female stimulus person in the severe case but not in the mild case. The results on the questionnaire corresponded with the results on the Internal-External Control scale which showed that female Ss attributed more control to chance and fate than male Ss did. Lerner's (1965) and Walster’s (1966) theories apparently cannot provide satisfactory explanations of the processes which underlie attribution of responsibility.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Simon, James Steven
- Description:
- The present study is concerned with the relationship between Riesman's (1950) concept of inner-directed and other-directed personality types, as reflected in differing susceptibility to conformity pressure, and Rotter's (1966) concept of internal and external locus of control. Also studied for effect on conformity as well as interaction with the locus of control variable were the factors of influence source, whether college students or campus-area homeowners, and type of material presented, whether matters of fact, opinion, or personal taste. A three-factor mixed design was employed, with repeated measures on the material factor. Sixty female subjects enrolled in introductory psychology classes at California State University, Northridge, were classified either as internals or externals based on their scores on the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (1966). Subjects in a “student” group were administered a 30-item, true-false, “opinion survey” which contained the bogus preferences of “students” who, ostensibly, had taken the same survey on a previous occasion. Subjects in a “homeowner” group were administered an identical survey except that the bogus preferences were this time attributed to homeowners rather than students. A control group was administered the same survey without the bogus preferences. The 30-item survey actually consisted of three 10-item “sub-surveys” containing items of fact, opinion, and taste, respectively, which were scored for conformity to the bogus preferences. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Li, Tianyu
- Description:
- Understanding how emotion regulation varies may educate caregivers to facilitate children to better cope with stressful experiences in order to prevent future long term mental problems. The purpose of this study was to examine how habitual use of specific emotion regulation strategies will impact people's construction of personal narratives. Two interview sessions asked about childhood positive and negative memories. Questionnaires were distributed after the interview to assess typical emotion regulation strategy use of suppression and reappraisal. Coherence and level of detail in narratives were coded by 3 trained coders. Number of emotional words were analyzed by using LIWC software. It was found that childhood positive events were described more coherently and using more details than childhood negative events. No significant interaction effects were found between valence and emotion regulation strategies on the dependent variables. The lack of significant effects of emotion regulation strategies on narrative quality may be due to low power because of the small sample size. Based on the trends apparent when plotting the data, it seemed that engaging more in both suppression and reappraisal were associated with fewer emotional words used for negative childhood memories, but no effect for positive childhood memories. It is still important to examine the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and narrative construction.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Montgomery, Robert
- Description:
- There is intense debate surrounding the opportunities and dangers of smartphone use. A substantial literature demonstrates smartphones' associations with a variety of negative outcomes like anxiety and depression, while contrasting literature extols the benefits of smartphones such as increased social connection. Recent research suggests a more nuanced view: that problematic outcomes do not result from use per se, but rather from using smartphones in a habitual, passive, externally-driven manner. Recommendations have been made for how to reduce this problematic use with a variety of smartphone settings changes, but few of these interventions have been empirically tested. Building on a pilot study conducted by the author and colleagues, the current study aims to (1) assess the individual efficacy of several interventions designed to promote more intentional smartphone usage, (2) measure the automaticity of smartphone usage over repeated instances of use with a novel ecological momentary assessment (EMA) paradigm, and (3) examine possible mechanisms of change which may play a role in the observed effects of the interventions. Participants (N = 462) recruited from university classes were randomly assigned to one of five groups and instructed to implement one of the following smartphone settings changes: (1) alphabetize homescreen apps (active control), (2) turn off most notifications, (3) remove all non-tool apps from the homescreen, (4) change the screen to grayscale, (5) concurrently implement the previous three interventions. The intervention period lasted three weeks and was preceded by a three-week baseline period, with objective smartphone usage and EMA data collected throughout. Relative to the active control group, participants in the combined intervention group reported modest reductions in automaticity, Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), and smartphone addiction, whereas the grayscale group demonstrated reductions in weekly smartphone unlocks. The interventions did not appear to be influenced by participants' dispositional levels of mindfulness, self-control, and experiential avoidance, and the effects of the combined interventions on FoMO and smartphone addiction were significantly mediated by reductions in retrospectively rated automaticity. The EMA assessment found that greater automaticity of the prior phone use predicted worse momentary mood, and no treatment significantly impacted momentary automaticity from pre- to post-intervention.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Sparks, Henrietta F.
- Description:
- This study atempts to assess the relationship between stimulus person similarity and attribution of responsibility. It was hypothesized that where both high stimulus person similarity to the perpetrator of a negative accident and high situational relevance for the subject exists there would be significantly less attribution of responsibility to the perpetrator of the accident (defensive attribution). Similarly, where low stimulus person similarity to the perpetrator of a negative accident exists there would be more attribution of responsibility. Ss were disabled (wheelchair bound or hard of hearing) or non-disabled males. The Ss Here given a booklet which contained the stimulus page, and an attitude questionnaire. The study conforms to a 3 x 3 factorial design with three levels of subject characteristics and three levels of stimulus person similarity 16 dependent variables were measured including crucial one of responsibility measured in two ways. One method of measurement was a direct question, "To what extent is Tom responsible for what happened to the bystanders?" The other method was an open--ended question, "If you thought Tom was responsible, please explain why." Results do not support hypotheses derived from defensive attribution theory. In fact, the opposite pattern emerged. The results indicated that in a severe accident Ss were most harsh on the driver who was most similar to themselves. Alternative explanations for the experimental results were discussed.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Giarrusso, Roseann
- Description:
- To determine the relative potency of physical attractiveness and attitude similarity on degree of liking and desire to date, and secondly, to find support for time estimation as an alternative method of measuring romantic attraction, forty male subjects met two female confederates in what was ostensibly a computer dating program. One confederate, average in physical attractiveness and moderate in attitude similarity, served as a reference point for the second, experimental confederate whose looks and attitude were manipulated to appear highly attractive or unattractive and/or highly similar or dissimilar in attitudes. Each subject spent a period of eight minutes with each confederate discussing their answers to an attitude scale in order to equate the salience of the physical attraetive-· ness and attitude similarity manipulations. This procedure also allowed the use of' Ornstein's (1969) comparison method of' time estimation which controls for individual variance. Subjects were asked to estimate the passage of time with the neutral date relative to the passage of time with the experimental date. A 2 x 2 Analysis of Variance (physical attractiveness by attitude similarity) supported the predicted main effects of physical attractiveness and attitude similarity on degree of liking and desire to date. Contrary to the hypothesis, however, physical attractiveness and attitude similarity did not interact, nor did physical. attractiveness account for a greater amount of the variance in degree of liking or desire to date. Time estimation did not correlate with liking or desire to date nor was it differentially affected by physical attractiveness and attitude similarity as determined by two-way Analysis of Variance. Post-hoc regression analysis was unable to reveal any adequate predictors of time estimation. Possible explanations for the lack of' significance of these hypotheses are suggested, as well as suggestions for future rezsearch.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Schur, Courtney Ilona
- Description:
- This project applies human factor principles and techniques to the analysis of the contemporary instructional design process. The major steps in the analysis included: (1) the definition of instructional design and the role of the instructional design professional; (2) a description of the crucial intersections between instructional design and human factors and a critical evaluation of how typical instructional design models apply human factors principles; (3) the conduct of a case study evaluation with original data collection to illustrate the instructional design process and the evaluation model that the analysis proposes; and (4) a summary of the current state of the art with recommendations for future research and development needed to advance the incorporation of human factors standards and user experience design criteria toward the instructional design industry.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Kampe, Lynette Katherine
- Description:
- The social strain theory of deviance is a social-psychological model which explains the occurrence of deviant behavior through the interaction of the individual with common social factors. The empirical support tor this theory is reviewed, with emphasis upon the challenge posed by non-official evidence of the distribution of delinquency. Based on the conflicting evidence found with official and non official criterion of delinquency it is suggested that labeling effects may account for a relationship between conflicting goals and expectations and delinquent behavior. Research was conducted to compare and integrate social strain and labeling models, and also to examine official and non-official sources of labeling among self-reported delinquents.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
78. Jungian concepts as correlates of masculinity and feminity in a study of heterosexual attraction
- Creator:
- Lentz, Sharon Louise
- Description:
- Descriptions of self and ideal partner were collected from 65 students at a large western state university. Subjects rated themselves and their ideal partner on the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ). Subjects also filled out the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and a newly constructed measure which attempted to ascertain the Jungian typology of the ideal partner. The hypotheses were derived from the Jungian theory of attraction. It was expected that subjects would be attracted to opposite or complementary types on the PAQ and MBTI. Thus, the descriptions of ideal partners were expected to be complementary to the subjects' self-descriptions (i.e., masculine types attracted to feminine types and thinking types attracted to feeling types). These results were not confirmed. Subjects tended to describe themselves and their ideal partners as instrumental, expressive and feeling types. In addition, the thinking-feeling scale of the MBTI was found to be a good sex roles measure. The importance of expressiveness and feeling (correlates of femininity) as predictors of relationship satisfaction is discussed. Also, possible problems with the methodology and ideas for future research are suggested.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Carlsen, Sheryl Ann
- Description:
- Masters of Arts in Psychology, Community/Clinical Advocates of psychological androgyny suggest that the development of masculine and feminine characteristics in a single individual is advantageous to one’s psychological well-being in contemporary society. However, recent investigations claim that it is primarily the masculine characteristics, not the androgynous masculine-feminine combination, that leads to greater psychological health and well-being. The present study was undertaken to examine the relative importance of masculine, feminine, androgynous, and undifferentiated sex-role orientations on the development of self-concept, and psychological health. One hundred and ninety female college students, enrolled in introductory psychology enrolled in introductory psychology classes completed the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spense, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1974), a measure of sex-role stereotypes, and then were classified separately into one of the four sex-role categories. Subjects were further required to complete the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (Fitts, 1965) in which nine aspects of self-concept and five aspects of psychological health were assessed. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
80. A preference scale for the measure of cooperation and competition in the community college classroom
- Creator:
- Benage, John Paul
- Description:
- The purpose of this study was to develop a scale that would measure the preferences of community college students for a competitive or a cooperative classroom environment. Items that were used in the development of the scale were taken directly from three previously developed scales, modifications of items in these three scales, or developed by the author of this study, based on the results of a study on Soviet education. The thirty-three original items were reduced to fourteen final items on the basis of an item analysis. This analysis was conducted following administration of the thirty-three item scale to forty-five graduate level students. These students were chosen for this administration of the scale because their primary profession was teaching. As professionals in the field of education these graduate students could be considered authorities on classroom environments and. thus provide content validity for the scale through a post-test interview. Reliability for the scale was obtained by administering the fourteen item scale to sixty community college students and deriving a reliability coefficient from the resultant scores. The reliability-coefficient was obtained by dividing the sixty scores into half scores through the use of the odd-even method, obtaining a rank-order correlation coefficient, and estimating the reliability of the full length test by the application of the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula. Construct validity was obtained for the fourteen item scale by the use of a "t" ratio for the difference between means of two groups of forty-five students at different academic levels. The resulting fourteen item scale is not recommended for any use other than as a research tool. Although significant reliability and validity were observed the samples used may not have allowed for sufficient measure and no norming data has been provided in this study.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Roe, William T.
- Description:
- Twenty psychology students from California State University, Northridge, served as subjects in an experiment designed to determine differential interference effects with verbal and motor responding. Responses were made to Stroop color-word stimuli (i.e., the word red printed in blue ink) which requires subjects to make responses based on conflicting information. Subjects were asked to ignore what the word spelled and to respond only to the color of the ink. For purposes of this study, Stroop color-word stimuli were placed on slides containing four color-words per slide. Ten subjects were placed in a motor response group and 10 were placed in a verbal response group. Motor responders indicated the color of the ink they saw by using an appropriately coded response box while verbal responders indicated the color of the ink they saw by verbal report. Both groups were exposed to 200 slide presentations broken down into trials and blocks of trials. Research indicated that motor responses in general tend to be minimally effected by interference while practice promotes minimal improvement in verbal responses made to Stroop color-word stimuli. Investigations concerned with how Stroop color-word interference interacts with these two research areas was found to be scarce and their findings inconclusive. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Wess, Rachel
- Description:
- This study explored the relationship between childhood maltreatment, personality disorders, moral emotions (guilt/shame), and moral behaviors (lying). This study consisted of 190 participants from a diverse undergraduate university. Childhood maltreatment, personality disorders, and guilt/shame were assessed using questionnaires and lying was assessed during a cheating paradigm. It was found that higher levels of childhood maltreatment predicted more ASPD, BPD, and HPD. Less guilt significantly predicted higher levels of ASPD traits, but guilt did not act as a moderator for the relation between maltreatment and ASPD. More shame did not predict more BPD, HPD, or NPD, nor did shame act as a moderator for the relation between maltreatment and these personality disorders. In exploratory analyses with gender, maltreatment, and guilt/shame in three-way interactions, guilt moderated the relation between maltreatment and ASPD, and shame moderated the relations between maltreatment and HPD and NPD, but these effects were in opposite directions for males and females. For females the effect of maltreatment on PDs was stronger among those with lower guilt/shame, whereas for males the effect of maltreatment on PDs was stronger among those with higher guilt/shame. Shame did not mediate the relation between lying and BPD, HPD or NPD. Lastly, guilt did not mediate the relation between lying and ASPD, however, an exploratory analysis was conducted and shame did mediate the relation between lying and ASPD.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Sharp, George J.
- Description:
- This study was conducted to gather information on college students' learning as a function of three independent variables which involve the integration of programmed learning principles with instructional, television lessons. Factorially varied were the presence or absence of an instructional television lesson; programmed questions requiring either multiple choice or constructed responses; and response instructions, specifying written or "thought" responses, no special instructions, and, a level representing absence of a programmed question-answer sequence. The participating subjects, approximately 400 junior college students enrolled in an introductory TV psychology course, were assigned at random to all conditions. The data from both the immediate and delayed objective achievement tests indicate that students learn just as much from a programmed learning cycle regardless of whether they are given instructions to respond by thinking or are given no instructions. They learn more when given either of these two conditions than when given instructions to respond in writing, and performance in all three conditions is far superior than when the programmed sequence is omitted. An instructional television lesson adds significantly to the gain in learning produced by a programmed learning cycle. Students perform just as well on a multiple choice achievement test when they are exposed to linear programmed, multiple choice questions as when they are exposed to linear programmed, constructive response questions.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Mayeda, Gary Charles
- Description:
- Eighty-two learning disabled community college Ss participated in two studies comparing auditory and visual differences in reading comprehension. In the first study, the intraindividual differences of 40 Ss were assessed by comparing their visual and auditory comprehension scores on a reading comprehension test. Auditory reception resulted in significantly greater comprehension than did visual reception, and was independent of modality preference. In the second study, 42 other Ss, equally representing auditory and visual preference learners, were assigned to three groups and given either listening skills plus visual-motor training, visual-motor training alone, or no training. A test of reading comprehension was given before and after the training period to assess gains in reading comprehension. The hypothesis predicting significant gains for those Ss receiving listening skills training was not supported. In general, the present study demonstrates a superiority of the auditory over the visual receptive channel, at least for comprehension. Recognizing this possibility when selecting appropriate instructional materials and methods for learning disabled adults may help assure more beneficial diagnostic prescriptive application.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Rios, Jose L.
- Description:
- Allostasis suggests that variation in an organism's physiological response to the environment optimizes functioning and balance, and when this variation is non-existent or impaired it can lead to negative health outcomes. Experiencing chronic negative emotion can impair this process, causing a "wear and tear" in the physical system. Anxiety and depression are both related to the experience of chronic negative emotion. It is believed that worry plays a role in anxiety by blunting emotional experience through hyper-arousal. This causes the system's allostatic process to become impaired, something known as allostatic load. In depression, it is believed that a person will over-react to sad emotion due to its congruence to the disorder. Through heart rate variability as a measure of autonomic flexibility (how well the autonomic system responds to environmental changes), this study aims to investigate the effects of depressive and anxious symptoms on allostasis, through the use of emotion films.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Tran, Vivian
- Description:
- Empathy is associated with numerous parenting and personality variables, but inconsistencies in definition, conceptualization, and measurement have created issues in generalization and making comparisons. The psychometric properties of empathy scales need to be established with further investigations. The purpose of this study was to develop a new, empathy scale based on items in previous scales, expert analyses of the items, and psychometric data from university students. The new scale was based on four dimensions of empathy conceptualized in recent literature (i.e., perspective taking, empathic concern, responsive distress, and responsive joy). To test the psychometric properties of the new scale, self-report survey data were collected from 464 university students (M = 19.3, ages 18-29 years) at a culturally-diverse university in Southern California. Exploratory factor analyses found a 4-factor model, consistent with the primary dimensions of empathy located within the literature. The empathy scales were significantly associated with theoretically-related personality variables and parenting variables, demonstrating convergent validity. Future studies should use the new empathy scales with more diverse samples to validate the current findings.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Brecht, Mark
- Description:
- Five methods of scoring cardiac arrhythmia (mean heart rate, standard deviation of instantaneous heart rate, Kalsbeek's S/N score, a cumulative tolerance score, and a cumulative difference score) as well as self-paced and adaptive versions of the secondary-task method were compared as measures of mental load. Each was used to differentiate among easy, medium, and difficult versions of a mental arithmetic task. In this standardized task situation where task difficulty was a function of complexity (load stress), only the secondary-task measures reflected changes in mental loading which corresponded to the increasing difficulty of the arithmetic task. Consistent with previous research, secondary-task performance decreased as loading task difficulty increased. The self-paced and adaptive secondary task versions were quite similar as indices of the mental load imposed. Interference of the self-paced secondary task with the primary loading task was not a problem. None of the cardiac arrhythmia measures consistently nor accurately quantified levels of task difficulty. These indices of heart rate variability were not reliable measures of load stress and were judged not comparable to the secondary tasks as measures of mental load.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Donoghue, John Richard
- Description:
- A series of cluster analyses were performed on a sample of 125 learning disabled (LD) children, based on scores on a battery of 26 psychometric measures. The sample was randomly divided in half. Each half was separately subjected to two methods of ordination (principal components analysis and Q-technique components analysis), seven hierarchical clustering algorithms (using up to three of four measures of similarity) and four methods of iterative partitioning. While the data were heterogeneous, cluster solutions varied widely across methods. Results were consistent for both halves, and it was concluded that no reliable LD subgroups could be identified. Hierarchical clustering algorithms and measures of similarity were compared. The most similar methods were Ward's method and within-group average, while Ward's method and average linkage were the most dissimilar methods. Euclidean distance and squared Euclidean distance were found to be the most similar measures, while Euclidean distance and product-moment correlation coefficient were least similar. Iterative partitioning techniques were also evaluated. CLUSTAN (Wishart, 1979, 1982) and BMDPKM were found to be similar, and to generate acceptable partitions when default options were used. SPSSX QUICK CLUSTER was unacceptable, and it was recommended that the program not be used without a partially optimized initial partition. It was strongly recommended that any practical application of cluster analysis use multiple clustering algorithms. Clusters derived from a single method of clustering should not be given much credence in the absence of external confirmation.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Teffeteller, Sherri Rose
- Description:
- Twenty subjects rated the annoyance of helicopter noise signals using two psychophysical procedures. Various noise measures were applied to simulated helicopter signals used in prior research to determine the most effective means of accounting for the increased annoyance caused by the impulsiveness of the signals. A-level was the least effective predictor of the annoyance of the helicopter signals. EPNL, PNL, and PNLT performed equally well, producing better predictions of annoyance than A-level. However, PNLT plus an impulsive correction proved to be the most effective of the five noise measures in predicting subjective ratings of annoyance of helicopter signals.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Petrosspour, Solange
- Description:
- The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between schizotypy, anhedonia, and CNV amplitude. Schizotypy is considered a subclinical manifestation of the same psychotic symptoms identifiable in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and lies on a continuum. Utilizing this population offers invaluable material for research in regards to the central features of schizophrenia as schizotypes are not exposed to the confounding elements of antipsychotic medications, chronic social deficits, cognitive decline, and frequent hospitalization as are individuals with schizophrenia. Studies of neurocognition of individuals with schizophrenia and schizotypy offer an understanding in various aspects of deficits, such as attention, working and spatial memory, emotion recognition and response inhibition. The current study examines anticipatory response in schizotypy and anhedonia population using electroencephalography (EEG) measure using a continuous performance task (CPT). "Psychometric schizotypes" were identified by their elevated scores on Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief. Participants' brain wave activity were recorded during a CPT associated with emotion recognition. The contingent negative variation amplitudes were analyzed at the frontal, central and posterior leads for each task. Participants also responded to questions on the Revised Physical Anhedonia Scale (RSAS) as a measure of the individual's ability to experience pleasure from physical stimuli such as food, sex and settings, and the Revised Social Anhedonia (RSAS) as a measure of the individual's experience of pleasure from social and interpersonal events. The CNV waveform, a putative measure of motivational state, showed the maximum negative magnitude in the early anticipatory (S1) CNV and the late imperative (S2) CNV in the central (CZ) region. The findings show a negative correlation between physical anhedonia and early CNV amplitude in the frontal (FZ) region. There were no significant finding in preparation to make a motor response in late CNV in high schizotypes and anhedonics.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Stephens, Rebecca A.
- Description:
- Adult females were recruited from two sources (a college campus and online through a survey recruitment website) to participate in a study examining the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and adult victimization. Participants were given questionnaires to assess their experiences of childhood sexual abuse and adult victimization as well as symptoms of dissociation. It was predicted that women reporting histories of sexual abuse in childhood would report more pathological dissociation and more victimization experiences in adulthood. It was also predicted that levels of dissociation would mediate the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and adult victimization. A one-way ANOVA revealed that women with a history of childhood sexual abuse did experience more victimization in adulthood. A two-way ANOVA revealed that levels of dissociation were higher for women who reported victimization experiences in childhood or adulthood than those who reported no victimization. Finally, structural equation modeling confirmed the predicted mediating effect of dissociation on the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and adult victimization.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
92. The effect of training and method of stimulus presentation on estimates of task-performance times
- Creator:
- Gabany, Steve
- Description:
- The present study was designed to determine: 1) if subjects can be trained to estimate task performance times; 2) if training by a paired-comparison paradigm would produce more accurate estimates than training through performing the actual task; and 3) if viewing a video tape of the tasks being performed would provide more accurate estimates than reading the names of the tasks. Subjects were presented with instructions and with seventeen tasks. The seventeen tasks were presented either by video or written stimuli, and the subjects were then required to make estimates of the 50th and 95th percentile performance times. That is, respectively, the time above which 50% and 5% of trained operators would need more time to complete the task correctly. These tasks were selected from a list of one-hundred on which estimates of performance times had been published. They were selected on the basis of familiarity to the general public. Estimates of performance times of five of the tasks had been validated by obtaining actual performance times. These five tasks were embedded within the remaining twelve tasks. Following an introduction to the concept of estimating task performance times, twelve subjects were trained to make estimates by viewing as many pairs of the tasks as time permitted, and indicating which took more time to complete. The other twelve subjects were trained by performing twelve of the tasks, including the five validated tasks on a device which simulated equipment designed to test electronic components. The remaining five tasks could not be performed on the equipment. Finally, all subjects were again presented the seventeen tasks by one of the two methods of stimulus presentation, and were asked to estimate their performance times of the tasks. Estimates of performance times for the five validated tasks comprised the dependent variable. The study utilized eight experimental groups to include all combinations of the two pretraining stimulus presentation methods, two training methods, and two posttraining stimulus presentation methods. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Brooks, John Phillips Jr
- Description:
- Phobic Evaluation Questionnaires completed by 258 agoraphobics seeking treatment were analyzed. Factor scores were derived from three separate scales within the questionnaire; situations symptom and fear survey. The main factor on the fear survey scale was fear of social rejection and it accounted for 425% of the variance. The (factor) territorial apprehensiveness which included the more classic agoraphobic items was the third strongest factor on this scale and only accounted for 11.5% of the total variance. On the situational scale and social performance "trapped" and "closed in" factors accounted 51.6% of the variance. The main factor on the symptom scale was immobility and total body reaction factor which accounted for 39% of the variance. The analysis presented a profile of agoraphobics avoiding social rejection (punishment) by withdrawing from social performance situations. This avoidance behavior is in part maintained by the agoraphobics extreme anxiety reaction in the phobic situation.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
94. Deaf discrimination, deaf identity, family factors, and depressive symptoms of deaf emerging adults
- Creator:
- Neal, Anthony
- Description:
- The purpose of this study was to add to the body of knowledge on deaf discrimination, deaf identify, parental support, parental intrusiveness, and depressive symptoms in deaf or hard-of-hearing emerging adults. Self-report survey data were collected from 48 deaf and hard-of-hearing young adults between the ages of 18 and 29 years. The findings indicated: (1) perceived deaf discrimination was significantly and positively related to depression, (2) deaf identity was not significantly related to depressive symptoms and did not moderate the relationship between deaf discrimination and depressive symptoms, (3) parental support was significantly and negatively related to depressive symptoms and buffered the effect of deaf discrimination on depressive symptoms, and (4) parental intrusiveness was significantly and positively related to depressive symptoms and exacerbated the effect of deaf discrimination on depressive symptoms. Implications of the findings are that mental health practitioners should teaching coping strategies to manage negative feelings that arise from discrimination and parental intrusiveness. Also, family life educators should encourage parental support while discouraging parental intrusiveness.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Cohen, Bonina Rosa
- Description:
- The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what happens to marital satisfaction in husband and wife when a child is produced who is not genetically linked to the father; to determine the effects, if any, of the use of artificial insemination with donor sperm (AID) versus husband sperm (AIR) on self-esteem of both husbands and wives and on their self reports of masculinity and femininity; and to assess the outcome of insemination (pregnancy or no pregnancy) and its interaction with the use of AID versus AIR on some of these dependent measures. Seventy-four couples from the Tyler Medical Clinic in Los Angeles who had used either AID or AIR, and either had or had not achieved pregnancy responded to a questionnaire which assessed marital satisfaction, sexual dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and feelings of masculinity and femininity. Analyses of variance and multivariate analyses of variance identified several effects, most of them weak. The effects that were found suggest that infertile couples have lower overall marital consensus (particularly among those who achieve pregnancy through artificial insemination) and higher marital cohesion than a normative sample. Cohesion was particularly high for those who had used AID and failed to achieve pregnancy; it was lowest for those who had achieved pregnancy through AID. There was also a small but reliable difference in self-esteem and anxiety about use of method among those who had used AID; they were lower in self-esteem and higher in anxiety than users of AIH. Men who agreed to use AID had more communion-like characteristics (as measured by the PAQ) than those who used AIH, while both men and women reported more numerous masculine characteristics if they used AIR for 11 or more cycles of insemination. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Barrett, Matthew Eric
- Description:
- Students (n = 90) were assigned to hold either warm or cold therapeutic pads, and then wrote an essay about a past academic experience. Analysis using Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) revealed that participants who held warm pads used significantly more affect words (t(47) = 2.24, p = .03), and slightly more words indicating cognitive complexity (t(47) = 1.74, p = .08), than who held cold pads. Participants who subsequently chose to receive information about graduate school used more affect words in their essays (β = .31, p = .08). Thus, holding a warm pad seems to have induced participants to view their academic experiences more "warmly," recalling them with more emotional and cognitive depth, and that depth was related to behavioral indicators of academic motivation. These findings suggest the malleability and context-sensitivity of memory for academic experiences, and also validate the use of LIWC as a predictor of behavior.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Paramesh, Kala
- Description:
- This study was done to distinguish the cognitive and emotional differences between the Type A and Type B behavior patterns, and assess relationship of disease to these personality types. It was an attempt to further delineate, these two types of personality and identify the different psychological and physiological correlates between the two. Sixty-six male patients caning to doctor’s offices, aged 29-69 years, were administered the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS), the Liebert and Morris Questionnaire, and a health questionnaire. The male patients were classified as Type A or Type B according to their score on the JAS. Results indicated that there was no correlations between Type A and Type B behavior and the emotional and cognitive components as identified by the Liebert and Morris scale. One-way analysis of variance with age as covariate (ANCOVA) was performed to assess if Type As had a higher occurence of disease was found not to be significant. The second ANOVA performed to show if high Type Bs were at a higher risk for cardiac heart disease than lower Type Bs (F = .110 p <.742) failed to show significance. Limitations of the present study were discussed with suggestions for future research.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Zacharia, Avishai
- Description:
- The purposes of this study were (1) to examine the relationships between attachment styles, personality constructs, and religiosity to guilt-proneness in order to recognize factors that may influence the initiation and resolution of guilt; (2) to examine the relationships between coping styles and guilt-proneness in order to understand the transition from the experience of guilt to its resolution, (3) to examine the relationship between subjective well-being and guilt-proneness, in an attempt to clarify the effect of guilt-proneness on life satisfaction; and lastly (4) to examine group differences in mean scores of guilt-proneness in a multi-ethnic and culturally diverse population, as well as the aforementioned relationships within each group. Data was collected from an online, self-report, survey from seven-hundred and forty university students from a comprehensive university in southern California. A series of one-way ANCOVAs were used to test group differences between gender, ethnic groups, religious affiliations, and native language speakers in relation to guilt-proneness. Significant group differences were found between female and male participants, as well as Christian and individuals without a religious affiliation. First-order correlations (controlling for shame-proneness) were generated for groups that differed significantly from one another. Results indicated that (1) guilt-proneness was positively correlated with attachment security for all groups, (2) guilt-proneness was positively correlated with extraversion (except within the male group and the non-affiliated group) agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness, and negatively correlated with neuroticism (except within the non-affiliated group); (3) guilt-proneness was found to be positively correlated with task-oriented and social-diversion coping styles for all groups (expect for social diversion within the non-affiliated group), (4) Intrinsic religiosity was found to be positively correlated with guilt-proneness among female participants and Christian participants; lastly, (5) guilt-proneness was found to be positively correlated with subjective well-being for all groups. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
- Creator:
- Baughman, Susan Lynn
- Description:
- This study explored the relationship between intrafamilial sexual abuse and self-concept development by examining the scores received on the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale by 85 female residents (ages 14-22) of a juvenile detention facility who were divided into seven groups on the basis of self-reported abusive experiences. An analysis of variance and t- test comparison indica ted that subjects who bad reported intrafamilial sexual contact scored less positively on the physical self subscale (significant at .01 level), and indicated less self-satisfaction (significant at .05 level) than subjects who reported no such experiences. The group which reported intrafamilial sexual contact and physical abuse scored more negatively along the moral ethical subscale than the group reporting physical abuse alone. Among individuals with reported histories of intrafamilial sexual contact, these whose first experience occurred prior to the age of 10, and those whose first partner was a relative, scored less positively than those whose first experience occurred after 10 and with a nonrelative. Of these subjects, those who reported feeling used sexually had more positive overall self-esteem score than those who did not; perhaps due to the placement of blame on the perpetrator. Results suggested that subjects with histories of in trafami1ial sexual contact had more negative levels of self-concept on some parts of self than other subjects, although more extensive research is required to verify and expand upon these results.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology
100. The examination of cognitive versus somatic origins in the experimental induction of depression
- Creator:
- Childress, Craig
- Description:
- This study explored the implications for a cognitive theory of depression derived from research using the Velten Mood Induction Procedure (VMIP). The VMIP (Velten, 1968) was developed to induce depressed, elated and neutral moods in subjects who read sets of condition-appropriate, self-referent statements. Frost, Graf and Becker (1978) performed research designed to examine whether the VMIP's effectiveness in inducing depressed affect was due to the self-devaluative nature of the statements or to somatic suggestions of low energy states contained in many of the statements. Their findings supported the somatic suggestion hypothesis for the VMIP’s effectiveness in inducing depressed mood. This study is a replication of that performed by Frost et al. with one alteration. While Frost et al., as well as previous studies usi.ng the VMIP, used only a female subject population, the present research included male subjects and examined the data toward a possible differential effectiveness of the VMIP with regard to subject sex. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Psychology