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- Creator:
- Hebeler, Aaron Keith
- Description:
- The Mw 7.6 Kashmir earthquake and its surface rupture of the Balakot-Bagh fault, considered by many to be inactive prior to 2005, underscored the need to better understand the active tectonics of the northwest Himalaya and raised concern that other unrecognized active faults may occur in the region. The Riasi fault, by all accounts a close relative to the Balakot-Bagh fault, occurs ~150 km along strike to the southeast of the 2005 rupture. Both are reverse faults that place tightly folded Precambrian limestone over Pliocene and younger non-marine strata. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis and Map
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Geological Sciences
- Creator:
- Sterling, Stephen Charles
- Description:
- Geological and geophysical data, which include common depth point seismic profiles, velocity analysis displays, borehole and other information, were used to study the structural evolution and Neogene sedimentation of the inner basin margin between Newport Beach and Dana Point. Neogene time, as used in this study, includes the Miocene and Pliocene epochs. Using these data four seismic horizons were mapped in the study area: (1) top of the acoustic basement (top Catalina Schist); (2) top of the Delmontian (?) benthic foraminiferal stage; (3) top of the Repettian benthic foraminiferal stage; and (4) an arbitrary reflector within the Plio-Pleistocene stratigraphic section. Sedimentary rocks in the study area range from late Miocene to Recent. Late Miocene through Pliocene strata onlapped structurally high basement areas and downlapped structurally low basement areas to the south-southeast. The southerly direction of sediment transport in the upper Miocene through Pliocene stratigraphic section from the San Pedro Bay area to the study area suggests sediment was channeled through the northwest-trending Wilmington graben. These sediments were probably transported by density currents. In the study area, strata accumulated on a basement surface in which structural highs controlled or blocked sediment transport to the southeast. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis and Map
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Geological Sciences
- Creator:
- Kinzell, LaMoyne Berger
- Description:
- This thesis investigates the types of commercial and industrial activities that would best expand and stabilize the economic base of Palmdale and the surrounding region. There are two objectives. The first is an economic assessment of Palmdale revealing the city's current economic picture. The second formulates a land-use plan for Palmdale and develops forecasts of population and employment growth. Multiple data sources were utilized. Data on the economic characteristics of Antelope Valley and Palmdale were accumulated from government documents and survey questionnaires of households and employers. By cross tabulation and frequency distribution of data, the economic base of the Valley and Palmdale was determined. Physical surveys were conducted of the commercial-industrial activities, residential areas and traffic volume of Palmdale. These data were coded, tabulated and mapped giving the current land-use picture of the city. Historical profiles combined with the household and employer survey results developed forecasts of population and employment growth. Data present a current picture of Palmdale as the manufacturing center of the Valley with a dramatic population growth in the last decade. Analysis indicates Palmdale has not kept pace with population growth in housing and retail-service activities. Projections indicate major expansion in population and employment for Antelope Valley and Palmdale over the next decade which will create demands for additional retail-service activities. Commercial, manufacturing and residential expansion zones are proposed in an effort to expand and stabilize Palmdale's economic base. Regional planning by the Valley's two leading cities, Palmdale and Lancaster, is suggested as a method of stabilizing Palmdale's economic base. With regional planning, Palmdale could expand manufacturing and develop these retail and service businesses which would best serve the local needs.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis and Map
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Geography and Environmental Studies
- Creator:
- Ticken, Edward John
- Description:
- Acoustic subbottom profiles, in conjunction with onshore geological data and limited bottom samples were analyzed to determine the geology and Quaternary evolution of the inner basin margin between Dana Point and San Onofre, California. Structural features are characterized by the typical northwest trends of the Peninsular Range Province and the Southern California Continental Borderland. The major structural element of the study area is the offshore Newport-Inglewood fault zone. Activity has not been continuous over the length of the offshore Newport-Inglewood fault zone. Within the study area, sea floor scarps and offset Holocene sediments are evidence of Holocene activity south of San Mateo Point. Subbottom profiles, dart cores and vibro-cores were correlated with the onshore data to map the offshore geology. Exposed units range in age from the mid-Miocene San Onofre Breccia to Holocene sediments. The San Onofre Breccia unconformably overlies the basement unit which is Catalina Schist. The deep water Monterey and Capistrano Formations overlie the San Onofre Breccia. During the last low stand of sea level (20,000 years b.p.) a bedrock erosional shelf surface was cut. Three units of late Pleistocene age unconformably overlie this erosional surface. At least two buried offshore terraces, which are incised into late Pleistocene sediments, have been mapped within the study area. In addition, nine coastal marine terraces have been identified. During periods of sea level fluctuations, uplift rates of 6 cm/1000 years to the south and 24 cm/1000 years to the north caused a regional tilt to the north and formed the marine terraces. Sea cliffs along the modern coast suggest a continuation of the process. The modern shelf is blanketed with latest Pleistocene/Holocene sediments. Sediment volumes were calculated along the shelf from San Pedro to the Mexican border. Anomalously high volumes of sediments are present within the study area. The offshore terraces cut into the soft Pleistocene units may have acted as dams, trapping large volumes of marine sediments during the last transgression.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis and Map
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Geological Sciences
- Creator:
- Advocate, David Michael
- Description:
- Late-early and middle Eocene beds of the Maniobra Formation in the northeastern Orocopia Mountains, southern California are 1,460 m thick and consist predominantly of cobble-boulder conglomerate, mudstone, and sandstone. These beds lie unconformably above Cretaceous granite and quartz monzonite and unconformably below nonmarine beds of the Miocene Diligencia Formation. Four facies associations are recognized within the Maniobra Formation: 1) Shoreline, 2) Slope, 3) submarine canyon, and 4) middle-submarine fan. Beds comprising the shoreline association consist of nonmarine gruss and shallow-marine facies that lie unconformably above granitic basement. Gruss is poorly indurated, massive, coarse-grained weathered granite detritus. The shallow-marine facies includes thinly bedded, fine-grained sandstone and gravel deposits which are laminated, cross bedded, and contain marine burrows. Slope deposits consist predominantly of mudstone (facies G of Mutti and Ricci Lucchi, 1972) with conglomerate and sandstone channels (facies A). Many of the channel deposits show Bouma Ta and Tab intervals. Also present are chaotic beds (facies F) that include slumped beds, detached beds, pebbly mudstone beds, glide-blocks, and granitic rock-fall deposits. Arenaceous foraminifers present in these deposits indicate deposition at bathyal depth. Submarine canyon facies are chiefly stacked channel complexes of cobble-boulder conglomerate (facies A) that incise into granitic basement and slope deposits. Channels have broadly concave-up bases, contain granitic clasts up to 5 m in diameter, and displaced shallowmarine fossils. These conglomerate channels grade vertically upsection into sandstone beds with repeated Ta and Tab Bouma sequences and mudstone interchannel deposits. These thinning- and fining-upward sequences are up to 25m thick. Interchannel facies consist either of thin-bedded turbidites with mostly Tbce intervals (facies D) or sandstone levee deposits. Levee deposits consist of laterally discontinuous sandstone beds, some with dune shaped tops, that interfinger abruptly with mudstone beds and conglomerate channels. Ophiomorpha and Thalassinoides burrows are common in interchannel deposits. Interchannel deposits also contain foraminifers indicative of bathyal depth. Middle-submarine fan channel deposits are laterally discontinuous, thick-bedded, amalgamated, channelized, coarse-grained sandstone and conglomerate beds (facies A and B). Many beds have erosional bases, rip-up clasts, and displaced shallow-marine fossils. Most sandstone beds are massive, though numerous beds with repeated Ta and Tab sequences do occur. These beds are arranged in thinning- and fining-upward sequences, averaging 5 m thick. Repeated thinning- and fining-upward sequences comprise sandstone packages that are up to 105m thick. Most of the middle-fan deposits consist of interchannel hemipelagic deposits with crevasse-splay channels locally. These mudstone beds yield foraminifers characteristic of middle bathyal or deeper water depths. Conglomerate analyses indicate that granite and quartz monzonite from the underlying basement were the chief source of sediment for the Maniobra Formation. A nearby metamorphic terrane also supplied a moderate amount of sediment. Submature arkose of the Maniobra Formation averages Q34 F65 L1 and Q34 P28 K38 , indicates a nearby granitic and metamorphic source terrane of high relief. Paleocurrent measurements, petrographic analyses, and facies distribution indicate southwest sediment transport from nearby granitic and metamorphic source terranes to the north and east.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis and Map
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Geological Sciences
- Creator:
- Rudat, Juhani Henrique
- Description:
- The San Pedro basin margin is a relatively wide platform located southeast of the Palos Verdes Peninsula and the Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor. A departure from the normally narrow Southern California inner basin margins, the configuration of this area is the result of the Neogene evolution of two tectonic elements: the Palos Verdes uplift and the Wilmington graben. The interrelationships of tectonic events, sedimentation dominated by the Los Angeles, San Gabriel, and Santa Ana Rivers, and glacioeustatic sea level fluctuations, are critical factors in explaining the evolution of this area. Exposed and near-surface rocks on the outer San Pedro shelf (Palos Verdes uplift) include basement rocks (Catalina Schist?)m folded Miocene (Monterey Formation) and Pliocene (Repetto Formation) strata (Mohnian to Repettian benthic stages), Pleistocene San Pedro Formation (?) and slope deposits. These are partly covered by Holocene sediments. A thicker post-Miocene stratigraphic section in the Wilmington graben is inferred from oil fields onshore. The interpreted seismic reflection data reveals the presence, near the edges of the graben, of middle Pleistocene (?) deposits (“unnamed upper Pleistocene deposits” of Poland and others, 1956) and the San Pedro (?) Formation. The upper Quaternary section in the Wilmington graben is based on a seismic-stratigraphic model of an upper Pleistoscene slope unit (LP I), and the Holocene shelf sediments. Analogous older units (LP II-IV) are defined by unconformities and paleo-shelf breaks. They are termed seismic-stratigraphic sequences and as such have chronostratigraphic significance. These units are believed to reflect glacioeustatic sea level fluctuations, and are provisionally correlated with stages in the marine oxygen-isotope curve of Shackleton and Opdyke (1973). Periods of incision and aggradation of the Newport-Inglewood zone fluvial gaps are correlated with isotope stages 1 through 5, and with units LP III through Holocene. The lowest (first) marine terrace of the Palos Verdes Hills is correlated with unit LP II. LP III correlates with the lowest terrace in the town of San Pedro, and the fourth and possibly the third and second terraces of the Palos Verdes Hills. The high-angle reverse and right-lateral Palos Verdes fault separates the Palos Verdes uplift from the Wilmington graben. Slightly oblique-trending folds are suggestive of convergent dextral shear along the fault. Its late Quaternary seismic activity is shown by offsets of units LP IV through LP I. Activity appears to have diminished since the deposition of LP III (possibly starting about 140,000 years B.P.), the youngest horizon commonly disrupted on all splays. However, some seismic activity has continued until the present, as indicated by epicentral data and numerous offsets of the basal Holocene surface and the seafloor. An area off the Palos Verdes Peninsula is markedly bowed over the fault zone. The shoreward edge of the Wilmington graben is defined by another active fault zone, portions of which also offset the base of the Holocene interval. Abrupt upward tilting of LP IV and older strata, pinch out of LP III and LP II, and areas of no Holocene sediments on the upthrown side further delineate this fault.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis and Map
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Geological Sciences
- Creator:
- Richmond, William Charles
- Description:
- Mugu Lagoon, a small coastal water body on th Oxnard Plain, is one of the few lagoons along the southern California coast that remains in a relatively natural state. The eastern arm of the lagoon is divided into three parts: western extension, central section, and southeastern extension. The central section was dredged to a depth of 10m in 1963; the remainder of the lagoon is in its natural state. Sediment in the intertidal and subtidal zone of Mugu Lagoon. is derived from two sources: (1) beach sand from coastal erosion, and (2) fluvial mud from Calleguae Creek. Two chemical components of sediment, found concentrated in silt and clay fractions of Mugu Lagoon, total organic carbon and trace metals (chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc). The concentrations of these two components, along with mean grain size of sediment, follow similar distribution patterns: (1) values increase landward from the barrier, and (2) values increase towards the center of deeper subtidal areas. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis and Map
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Geological Sciences
- Creator:
- Werner, Michael Robert
- Description:
- Mapping in the Nelson Range and the adjacent southeastern Inyo Mountains shows that this area has experienced at least two episodes of early Mesozoic deformation which produced two sets of folds in Mississippian through Permian rocks. A later Mesozoic event may be represented by faults in this area. The older fold set (F1) consists of generally northeast-trending, upright to southeast-overturned folds. A younger fold set (F2) is superimposed upon and locally refolds F1 folds. F2 consists of generally northwest-trending, upright to northeast-overturned folds with steeply southwest-dipping axial plane cleavage. Truncation of some F2 folds by the Hunter Mountain batholith in the Nelson Range indicates that both fold sets are pre-Middle Jurassic in age. The style of F2 folds along portions of the intrusive contact suggests that emplacement of the batholith locally appressed and deflected pre-existing folds. Based on their orientation, sense of vergence and relative age, F1 folds are believed to be temporally and structurally related to the Last Chance thrust system (Middle (?) Triassic to Early Jurassic). F2 folds are correlated with other northwest-trending fo1ds of pre-Middle Jurassic age which occur throughout the ranges immediately east of the Sierra Nevada. Some northwest-striking faults in this area apparently are intruded by dikes of the Independence swarm and thus may be pre-Late Jurassic in age. If so, these faults may be related to a broad, northwest-trending zone of fractures and left-slip faults of Middle to Late Jurassic age which trends obliquely across this region.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis and Map
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Geological Sciences
- Creator:
- Reid, Stephen Anthony
- Description:
- The Vaqueros Formation (Oligocene-lower Miocene) along upper Sespe Creek in Ventura County, California, is a transgressive marine sequence overlying the Sespe Formation and underlying the Rincon and Monterey Formations. The Vaqueros is exposed in a narrow graben between the Pine Mountain and Santa Ynez faults on the northern edge of the Ventura basin. Three. members are distinguished: a lower limestone, sandstone, and mudstone, which averages 65 m thick; a middle mudstone, which averages 110 m thick; and an upper sandstone, which averages 75 m thick. Rocks of the lower and middle members represent deposits in bay and inner shelf environments. The lowest mudstone and sandstone beds are muddy beach and bay margin deposits. Fossiliferous mudstone represents deposition in an open bay environment characterized by water depth of 1 to 10 m. Fossiliferous limestone containing abundant shell debris interbedded with mudstone is storm-lag or swell-lag deposits. Potamides-bearing limestone indicates a grassy bay environment with water depth of 1 to 3 m. Limestone beds near the top of the lower member which contain Anadara, Anomia, Chione, Macoma, and Ostrea represent an inlet influenced bay environment and near normal oceanic circulation. Mudstone of the middle member represents deposition in a shallow inner shelf environment with few mollusks and water depth less than 10 m. Rocks of the upper member represent environments of a shelf-depth sand sheet. Cross-bedded sandstone represents dune field deposits which accumulated from the southward migration of megaripples in water 15 to 30 m deep. Plane-bedded and massive sandstone are interdune deposits which collected sand at lower current velocities than that in the dune fields. Muddy conglomerate beds near the top of the Vaqueros represent debris flows and indicate a deepening of the shelf to 100 m or more. Glauconitic sandstone at the top of the formation indicates slackened deposition and outer shelf water depths. Pebbles from the upper member indicate a sedimentary source terrane near the Pine Mountain area north of Sespe Creek and a granitic source terrane near the Alamo Mountain area northeast of Sespe Creek. These source terranes define the San Rafael uplift, which was an eastwest trending highland separating Vaqueros exposures in the Sespe Creek and Cuyama Valley areas. Paleogeographic features which controlled Vaqueros deposition were established before the end of Sespe Formation deposition. Alluvial fans on the edges of a large floodplain sloped upward to a highland to the west and upward to the San Rafael uplift to the north. With the beginning of the Vaqueros transgression, the flat floodplain was rapidly covered by the water of Sespe Bay, a sheltered area between the western highland and the San Rafael uplift. Low energy beaches formed north and west of the Sespe Creek area. At the beginning of upper member deposition, the rising water of the transgression separated the western highland from the San Rafael uplift, forming Ynez Island and San Rafael Strait. Oceanic circulation moved through the strait and created the dune fields in the Vaqueros Formation.
- Resource Type:
- Thesis and Map
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Geological Sciences
- Creator:
- Fowler, Julie Ann
- Description:
- Eastern Sierran wall rocks in the central portion of the Slate Range have undergone several phases of Mesozoic deformation resulting in the folding and faulting of Permian (?) - Triassic (?) metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. Additionally, five phases of pre-, syn- and(or) post-tectonic intrusion occurred in the study area. Five generations of folding are recognized, several of which are correlative with regionally recognized structures. Early-formed fold generations, F1 , F2 and F3, are oriented in a northeasterly direction. Axial plane cleavage is developed only in the F1 generation. Fold trends changed to a northwesterly direction during the F4 generation which also has a poorly developed axial plane cleavage. The F5 generation is pervasive and is represented by kink folds, warps and minor folds. F1 folds are cut by west-trending strike- and oblique-slip faults, and both folds and faults are truncated by the northwest-striking Ophir thrust fault, which has been refolded about a N.50°W. orientation by the F4 fold generation. Three other minor thrust faults associated with this compressional phase also developed. Minor folds and mineral lineations present in Triassic (?) metavolcanic rocks indicate a northeastward direction of tectonic transport of the thrust plates. (See more in text.)
- Resource Type:
- Thesis and Map
- Campus Tesim:
- Northridge
- Department:
- Geological Sciences