The extent of genetic predetermination and hence the limits of developmental plasticity of phenotypes are largely unknown. In this context, we address a prominent theme of morphological variation in clonal organisms: the relative investment in vascula . . .

Male-male competition in plants is thought to exert selection on flower morphology and on the temporal presentation of pollen. Theory suggests that a plant’s pollen dosing strategy should evolve to match the abundance and pollen transfer efficiency of . . .

Male-male competition in plants is thought to exert selection on flower morphology and on the temporal presentation of pollen. Theory suggests that a plant's pollen dosing strategy should evolve to match the abundance and pollen transfer efficiency of . . .

For over a decade, Bateman's principle has been used to argue that the showy petals and sweet nectar of flowers are evolutionarily more male than female-that they are adaptations principally for promoting the export of pollen rather than the setting o . . .

Sexual dichromatism and the extent of male carotenoid-derived plumage coloration in breeding season North American passerine birds was analyzed by phylogenetic statistical methods. Passerines as a whole and five passerine subclades were analyzed by bo . . .

Although competition for mutualists is known to be an influential force in plant-animal interactions, its importance in animal-animal associations is largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that phloem-feeding membracids (Plublilia modesta) compete i . . .