A primary goal in ecotoxicology is the prediction of population-level effects of contaminant exposure based on individual-level response. Assessment of toxicity at the population level has predominately focused on the population growth rate (PGR), but . . .

Ecotoxicology is the study of toxic chemicals, natural or synthetic, on populations and communities. Despite numerous texts and journal articles which discuss ecotoxicological principles and methods, there are relatively few studies conducted on the u . . .